VCE BIO Flashcards
outline the 3 tenets of cell theory
- All living things are made of cells<br></br>- Cells are the basic units of life<br></br>- Cells come from other cells
What are Prokaryotes?
Simple, single-celled organisms without a <span>Nucleus</span>
<div>What are eukaryotes?</div>
<div><span>Complex</span> cells with a nucleus, <span>found in plants, animals,</span> fungi, and protists.</div>
<div>What is the key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?</div>
<div> • <b>Prokaryotes</b>: No nucleus.</div>
<div> • <b>Eukaryotes</b>: Have a nucleus.</div>
What are organelles? <br></br><br></br>And do they contain Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
- They are organs/structures whithin a cell<br></br><br></br>- Yes
What is a Cell Membrane.<br></br><br></br>Do they contain Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- They hold all organelles.<br></br><br></br>- Yes
What are Ribosomes Functions?<br></br><br></br>Do they contain Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- They make proteins<br></br><br></br>- Yes
What is Cytoplasm’s functions?<br></br><br></br>Do they contain Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
They are jelly like substances that hold everything in the cell<br></br><br></br>Both
What is the Nucleus’ function? <br></br><br></br>Do they contain Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- They hold genetic material and is the brain of the cell.<br></br><br></br>- They hold only Eukaryotes
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum’s function?<br></br><br></br><br></br>Are they in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
- The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum transports proteins in the cell.<br></br><br></br>- They only contain Eukaryotes
What is the Golgi Apparatus’ function?<br></br><br></br>Do they contain Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
<div>- The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.</div>
<div><br></br></div>
<div>- Eukaryotes</div>
What is the plasma membrane also known as?
The Cell Membrane
What does the plasma membrane do?
It chooses what goes in and goes out of a cell
Is the plasma membrane like the mail man of a cell?
Yes, it controls what goes in and out of cells.
What are the two major components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer and Proteins
Write the two majot components of the Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer and Proteins
What is the plasma membrane made of?
A phospholipid bilayer
What are the parts of a phospholipid?
Head = Hydrophilic ( Likes water )<br></br>Tails = Hydrophobic ( Hates water )
<div>How are phospholipids arranged in the plasma membrane?</div>
Heads face towards water<br></br>Tails face away water
<div>Why do the tails face inward?</div>
<div>Because <b>water and lipids don’t mix!</b> 🛑💧</div>
Integral Proteins
Are embedded inside the membrane
Eukaryotes are what type of cell
Plant
Eukaryotes are plant and
Animals
What do prokaryotes have?
Cell membrane, cell wall, no nuecleus, no membrane, bound organells
Eukaryotes
Membrane bound, cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole, nucleus
Fungi have CHi…
Chitin
Plantae has cel…
Cellulose
<img></img> Whats the difference as they are both eukaryotic cells…
The large vacuole
Features of choloplasts
The green tint due to the light trapping pigments known as cholophylls
<div>What is photosynthesis?</div>
<div>Turning <b>sunlight</b> into <b>energy (sugar).</b></div>
<p>What captures sunlight in plant cells?</p>
Choloplasts
<div>Who did photosynthesis first?</div>
Bacteria (billions of years ago)
<div>What is a villus?</div>
<div>A <b>finger-like projection</b> in the intestine that sticks into the lumen (the inside space).</div>
<div>What is a microvillus?</div>
<div>A <b>tiny finger-like extension</b> of a cell’s membrane that increases <b>surface area</b> for better absorption.</div>
<p>Why is cell size limited?</p>
<div>Because a <b>large cell</b> has a <b>low surface area-to-volume ratio</b>, making it harder to:</div>
<div> • Take in nutrients</div>
<div> • Remove waste</div>
Simple diffusion is…
Particles going from high concentration to low.
osmosis is the…
diffusion of water
HIGHpertonic
High osmorality
Hypertonic =
Low osmorality
Solute =
Solid
Solvent =
liquid
<div>What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?</div>
<div> • <b>Diffusion</b>: Movement of particles (gas, sugar, etc.) from high to low concentration.</div>
<div> • <b>Osmosis</b>: Movement of <b>water</b> through a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.</div>
Isotonic means
Same amount of water and solute
Hypotonic
More water less solute
Hypertonic
More solute less water
A dependent variable will change because you changed the {{c1::independent variable}}
facilicated diffusion is assisted diffusion via {{c1::channel proteins}}
what is cellulose {{c1::gives the cell structure and support}} and is found in {{c2::plantcells}}
Binary fission is in {{c1::prokaryotic}} cells
osmosis is when something goes from a {{c1::high}} concentration to a {{c1::low}}
Hydrophilics are {{c1::polar}}
hydrophobics are {{c1::non polar}}
Peripheral proteins are {{c1::outside}} of the cell
Intergal proteins {{c1::span the entire cell}} and are {{c1::long}}
integral proteins are also known as {{c1::channel proteins}}
cell divison promotes {{c1::growth}} and {{c2::repair}}
cell divison is {{c1::mytosis}}
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what is a septum?<br></br> {{c1::a wall}} that divides a cavity into smaller {{c2::structures}}
prokaryotes reproduce through a process named {{c1::binary fission}}
replication of a DNA parent cell is called {{c1::interphase}}
Organisation and seperation of chromasomes is named {{c1::metaphase and anaphase}}
The cell splitting is called {{c1::cytokinisis}}
The G1 stage of interphase is when a cell undergoes{{c1::growth}}
The S stage is when the parent cell {{c1::replicates}} {{c2::dna}}
G2 is when the {{c1::cell}} prepares to {{c2::divide}}
Mitosis also known as the {{c1::m stage}} is when the cell cycle
The four main stages of mitosis is 1-{{c1::prophase}} 2-{{c2::metaphase}} {{c3::anaphase}} and lastly {{c4::telophase}}
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