VB Final Flashcards
What is Kinesic?
communication varies according to culture and even among microcultures
Kinesic includes
body language, rate of walk, eye behavior and facial expression
Mehrabian’s Functional Approach to Kinesics
Pleasure-displeasure (liking-disliking)
Dominance-submissive (high status-low status)
Arousal-nonarousal (intense-relaxed)
5 categories of body movement
enablers, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, affect displays
5 caterogies of action
inborn, discovered, Absorbed
, mixed, andtrained
Persuasion
When people seek to persuade, they use more:
eye contact
head nods
gesturing
facial expressions
Dominance
A common threat signal used by mammals (including humans) is staring
Eye Contact/Gaze
Researchers found that an increased amount of eye contact in a live public speaking situation often enhances a listener’s perception of a speaker’s credibility
Prolonged eye contact is associated with perceptions of:
Attentiveness
Competence
Dominance
Good social skills
Good mental health
Pupil Size
the size relates to physical attraction
The size of a person’s pupils indicates interest; the more interest, the more the pupils dilate
People’s eyes are more dilated when lying than when telling the truth
Deception
Defined as an attempt on the part of the sender to cover up true information or the affect that they feel at the moment.
Research suggests that deception occurs more frequently during computer-mediated communication
Type of lie
Prepared lies – person knows they will be asked about something and they prepare a lie in advance
Spontaneous lies – person is asked a surprise question and has to come up with a lie on the spot
Liars who were prepared to do so were better able to overcome stereotypical nonverbal indicators of deception
Detecting Deception
Disagreement about whether training can improve a person’s ability to detect deception
Researchers believe deception training is more useful for detecting spontaneous lies
Vocalics
Vocalics refers to how we say words and includes accent, emphasis, vocal quality, pitch, rate, pause (as well as silence), or anything else that adds meaning to verbal communication
Vocalics also includes screams, laughs, gasps and sighs
Sound and its attributes
Loudness
Pitch
Duration
Quality
Regularity
Articulation
Pronunciation
Silence
Vocalizations
Vocal characteristics – nonlanguage sounds that can be placed on a continuum from positive to negative
Vocal qualifiers – fall into three categories: 1) intensity 2) pitch height 3) duration; can depend on situation
Vocal segregates – nonwords used to fill pauses; sometimes called fillers
Voice Types
Breathy
Tense
Breathy-tense
Nasal
Denasal
Orotund
Flat
Thin
Throaty
Fronted
Vocal Attractiveness
In males – increased perceptions of strength, assertiveness, dominance
In females – increased perceptions of warmth, honesty, kindness
Ideal Speech
People who are confident in what they are saying talk louder and faster than those less confident
People who talk fast are perceived as more credible than those who talk at a normal rate
Voice Recognition
Voiceprint is the idea an individual’s voice is unique (like a fingerprint), and that it is possible to identify an individual on the basis of certain vocal qualities
Voiceprinting has been used in some criminal investigations but has been criticized regarding its accuracy
Accents and Dialects
Accent is how the words sound as they are pronounced by individuals
Dialect is the use of unique words or phrases common to a specific group
Olfaction
Olfaction is a process in which we recognize certain scents around us
Odors can come from the environment, others around us, or ourselves
Odor Identification
Each person has an olfactory signature, which they carry with them
Odor and Sexual Attraction
With opposite-sex romantic partners, we are drawn to people whose natural body scent is different from our own
Olfactory Memory
Smell adaptation occurs when the odor you smell becomes a part of your environment or general background
Olfactory memory has the highest memory capacity of all five senses
Memories associated with a smell tend to be recalled when the odor is perceived again
Olfactory Influence
We can manipulate others through smell.
Time Orientation
Time orientation can be cultural or individual
People with a past orientation view change as a minimal element in their lives; they focus on the constant, stable past
People with a future orientation see life as a novelty; they seek new perspectives on new and old perceptions
Chronemics
Chronemics is concerned with how we use and structure time
Present time orientation
People with a present orientation focus on the now; they live for the immediate duration of an event, not necessarily relating it to the past or future
Culture and Time
Cultures fall into two main categories with respect to their use of time
Monochronic cultures prefer doing one thing at a time; they treat each activity as a separate entity (Americans)
Polychronic cultures prefer doing many things at a time; they have a “things will get done when they get done mentality (Middle Easterners and Latin Americans)
Punctuality
Different cultures have different expectations when it comes to punctuality
One study showed that some Latin American cultures would rather be late for an appointment than end a conversation abruptly
Displaced vs Diffused People
Displaced people see a point in time as the end
Ex. When a meeting is set for 9:00, displaced people are there by 9:00 (or earlier)
Diffused people see time as an approximation
Ex. When a meeting is set for 9:00, diffused people arrive around 9:00
