Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular Exam I > Vasculitis, Veins, Lymphatics, DVT, Vascular Tumors > Flashcards

Vasculitis, Veins, Lymphatics, DVT, Vascular Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical presentation of vasculitis

A

Depends on the vascular bed affected — but generally presents as constitutional sx: fever, malaise, arthralgias, myalgias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What primary form of vasculitis affects the aorta?

A

Giant cell arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diagnosis of what primary form of vasculitis REQUIRES the presence of neutrophils?

A

Behcet disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diagnosis of what primary form of vasculitis REQUIRES the presence of eosinophils?

A

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnosis of what primary form of vasculitis REQUIRES the presence of granulomas?

A

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnosis of what primary form of vasculitis REQUIRES the feature of thrombosis?

A

Buerger disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A clinical history of >40 y/o, +/- polymyalgia rheumatica may clue you into what primary form of vasculitis?

A

Giant cell arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A clinical history including asthma and/or atopy may clue you into what primary form of vasculitis?

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A clinical history including a young male smoker may clue you into what primary form of vasculitis?

A

Buerger disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A clinical history including orogenital ulcers may clue you into what primary form of vasculitis?

A

Behcet disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathogenesis of immune complex vasculitis

A

Autoantibody production and formation of immune complexes — deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in vascular walls — this incites an inflammatory reaction within the wall, the antigen is often unidentified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Immune complex vasculitis may be seen in what conditions?

A

Systemic immunologic diseases (e.g.,SLE)

Drug hypersensitivity — e.g., penicillin (streptokinase acts as foreign protein) - always consider this because if drug is stopped, vasculitis resolves!

Exposure to infectious agent — so Abs to microbial constituents form immune complexes that deposit in vascular lesions (e.g., polyarteritis nodosa — associated with HBsAg and anti-HBsAg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Heterogenous group of antibodies reactant with cytoplasmic enzymes found in neutrophil granules, monocytes, and endothelial cells, —and associated with noninfectious vasculitis

A

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 types of ANCA antibodies and the conditions they are associated with

A

PR3-ANCA (anti-proteinase-3) — associated with polyangiitis

MPO-ANCA (anti-myeloperoxidase) — associated wtih microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ANCA titers usually follow disease _____

A

Severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are ANCA-associated vasculitides considered “pauci-immune”?

A

ANCA Abs are directed against cellular constituents and DO NOT form circulating immune complexes — thus vascular lesions do not typically contain Ab and complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most common vasculitis among older patients that may present with constitutional symptoms (fever, fatigue, weight loss), as well as facial pain and headache

A

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis and aortitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis and aortitis

A

Chronic T-cell mediated inflammation of arteries in the head, especially temporal arteries

Medial granulomatous inflammation occurs, often with multinucleated giant cells

Fragmentation of elastic lamina and intimal thickening

Sites of involvement within an artery may be patchy and focal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why might pts with Giant cell arteritis complain of double vision?

A

Involvement of the ophthalmic artery — may lead to vision loss and is a medical emergency!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Noninfectious vasculitis characterized by ocular disturbances and marked weakening of pulses of the upper extremities (pulseless disease); may present with weak pulse and low BP in upper extremities

A

Takayasu arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Takayasu has similar histologic findings (giant cells) as those seen in giant cell arteritis, with what exceptions?

A

It involves the aortic arch (aortitis) and major branch vessels — occasionally causing dilation and aortic valve insufficiency (leads to cardiac symptoms)

Pulmonary artery is involved in 1/2 the cases, coronary and renal arteries may also be involved

Younger age group (<50)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Noninfectious, systemic vasculitis, likely immune-complex mediated, tends to involve renal vessels, heart, liver, and/or GI tract — BUT pulmonary vessels are spared

[most common is for just renal vessels to be involved]

A

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa may affect any age group, but classically affects _______; almost 1/3 of the patients have _______

A

Young adult; chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg-HBsAb complexes are found in the involved vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of inflammation characterizes polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Segmental transmural necrotizing inflammation (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages) — with predilection for branch points

Ulcerations, infarcts, ischemic atrophy, or hemorrhage may be first sign of dz

Sites of inflammation are typically NOT circumfirential; inflamed vessel walls are susceptible to thrombus formation/occlusion, aneurysm, rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of necrosis is seen with polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Acute arteritis of infants and small children (80% affecting < 4 years), often involving the coronary arteries which may end up forming aneurysms that thrombose or rupture leading to acute MI

A

Kawasaki disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clinical presentation and prognosis of kawasaki disease

A

Usually erythema of the conjunctiva, oral mucosa, PALMS AND SOLES; desquamative rash

Also may see cervical lymph node enlargement (“mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome”)

Px: usually self-limited but IVIg and aspirin are indicated to lower the risk of a coronary event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis involving arterioles, capillaries, and venules characterized by fragmented PMNs and associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, and other CT disorders

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Microscopic polyangiitis affects vessels of many organ systems, but which are most common?

A

Renal glomeruli and lung capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Most cases of microscopic polyangiitis are associated with _______ Abs. Pathologic pattern includes segmental necrotizing inflammation with _____ necrosis. Many apoptotic _____ are usually seen — and it is often called “leukocytoclastic vasculitis”

A

MPO-ANCA; fibrinoid; neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Small vessel necrotizing vasculitis associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, hypereosinophilia, lung infiltrates, extravascular granulomas, and may resemble PAN or microscopic polyangiitis but with the addition of eosinophils and granulomas

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F: less than 1/2 of Churg Strauss pts show ANCA positivity

A

True — when they do it is usually MPO-ANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Organ systems involved with Churg Strauss syndrome and potentially fatal complication

A

Many organ systems may be involved; multisystem disease with cutaneous involvement (palpable purpura), GI tract bleeding, and renal disease (primarily as FSGS)

Myocardial involvement may give rise to cardiomypathy; heart is involved in 60% of pts, and accounts for almost half of all deaths in the syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Behcet dz is a noninfectious vasculitis of small to medium vessels. What is the classic triad associated with this disease?

A

Aphthous ulcers of the oral cavity

Genital ulcers

Uveitis

[there are also GI and pulmonary manifestations]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Genetic marker of Behcet disease

A

HLA-B51

36
Q

In Behcet disease, the vessel inflammation is _______ and morphologically nonspecific. It may involve the visceral organ systems with subsequent aneurysm formation

Disease mortality is related to severe ______involvement or rupture of ______

A

Neutrophilic

Neurologic; aneurysms

37
Q

Noninfectious, necrotizing vasculitis featuring necrotizing granulomas of the upper and/or lower respiratory tracts, necrotizing or granulomatous vasculitis most prominently in respiratory trac, and focal necrotizing, often crescentic glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosus with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener granulomatosus)

38
Q

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is associated with ______ Abs and is a form of ______-mediated hypersensitivity response to normally “innocuous” inhaled microbial or other environmental allergens

A

PR3-ANCA; T-cell

39
Q

Clinical features of granulomatosus with polyangiitis

A

M>F, avg age of 40

Most pts have persistent pneumonitis and sinusitis, renal disease, and NASOPHARYNGEAL ULCERATION

May see rashes, myalgias, articular involvement, neural inflammation, and fever

40
Q

Prognosis associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

Left untreated, rapidly fatal — 80% mortality at one year

Now tends to be more chronic relapsing/remitting w/ tx of steroids, cyclophosphamide, and TNF antagonists

41
Q

Morphology associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis in upper vs. lower respiratory tract

A

Upper respiratory tract: sinonasal and pharyngeal inflammation with granulomas and vasculitis (granulomas with geographic patterns of central necrosis and accompanying vasculitis)

Lower respiratory tract: multiple necrotizing granulomas, which may coalesce and cavitate

42
Q

Noninfectious acute and chronic vasculitis characterized by segmental, thrombosing pattern affecting small and medium vessels — especially the tibial and radial arteries with occasional extension to veins and nerves of the extremities

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)

43
Q

Complications of thromboangiitis obliterans

A

When there is extension to veins/nerves of extremities — associated with pain

May lead to vascular insufficiency of the extremities

Chronic ulcerations may lead to gangrene

44
Q

What risk factor has a strong correlation with thromboangiitis obliterans?

A

Smoking!

Pts are almost always heavy smokers <35 y/o

[most have hypersensitivity to intradermally injected tobacco products; assoc with HLA haplotypes of certain ethnic groups: Israeli, Indian subcontinent and Japanese]

45
Q

Morphology of thromboangiitis obliterans

A

Acute and chronic inflammation accompanied by luminal thrombosis

Thrombus can contain small microabscesses composed of neutrophils surrounded by granulomatous inflammation

46
Q

What 3 organisms are associated with direct invasion of vessels leading to infectious vasculitis?

A

Pseudomonas

Aspergillus

Mucor

47
Q

Infectious vasculitis is characterized by localized tissue infection, but less commonly can be via hematogenous spread — what is an example of this?

A

Septicemia or embolization from infective endocarditis

48
Q

Vascular infections may weak arterial walls — leading to what complication?

A

Mycotic aneurysms

[may also induce thrombosis or infarction]

49
Q

Disorder of blood vessel hyperreactivity characterized by excessive vasospasm of small arteries and arterioles, especially fingers and toes — causing proximal vasodilation, central vasoconstriction, and distal cyanosis

A

Raynaud phenomenon

50
Q

What is the difference between primary Raynaud and secondary Raynaud phenomenon?

A

Primary — induced by cold or emotion; SYMMETRIC involvement of the digits. Estimated 3-5% of general population - typically young women. BENIGN course

Secondary — component of another arterial disease like SLE, SCLERODERMA, or thromboangiitis obliterans; ASYMMETRIC involvement of digits. WORSENS with time

51
Q

Define myocardial vessel vasospasm and its etiology

A

Excessive vasoconstriction of myocardial arteries or arterioles — may lead to ischemia or infarct

High levels of vasoactive mediators can precipitate prolonged myocardial vessel contract — usually caused by vasoactive agents, which may be endogenous (epinephrine, pheochromocytoma), or exogenous (cocaine)

52
Q

Possible outcomes/complications with myocardial vessel vasospasm

A

Ischemia or infarct —> sudden cardiac death

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy “broken heart syndrome”; associated with emotional duress

53
Q

Condition characterized by abnormal dilation of veins with valvular incompetence, secondary to sustained intraluminal pressure

A

Varicose veins

54
Q

Complications of varicose veins

A

Stasis, congestion, thrombus, edema, and ischemia of overlying skin (stasis dermatitis)

[note that embolism from thrombi of SUPERFICIAL lower extremity veins is RARE]

55
Q

Increased luminal pressure in certain areas may lead to the formation of portosystemic shunts; what are some areas affected?

A

Esophagus — esophageal varices

Rectum — hemorrhoids

Periumbilicus — caput medusae

56
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome occurs when neoplasms compress or invade the SVC — what are some examples of neoplasms known to do this?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma
Mediastinal lymphoma
Aortic aneurysm

57
Q

Obstruction associated with SVC syndrome produces what characteristic clinical complex?

A

Marked dilation of the veins of the head, neck, and arms with cyanosis

Pulmonary vessels can also be compressed, leading to respiratory distress!

58
Q

What causes inferior vena cava syndrome?

A

Neoplasms that compress or invade the IVC; or thrombosis of the hepatic, renal, or lower extremity veins that propagate cephalad

59
Q

What 2 neoplasms are often associated with growth into veins and ultimate occlusion of the IVC —> IVC syndrome?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

60
Q

Clinical features of obstuction associated with IVC syndrome

A

Marked lower extremity edema

Distention of the superficial collateral veins of the lower abdomen

Renal vein involvement is associated with massive proteinuria

61
Q

Extremely common condition associated with dilation of the venous plexus at the anorectal junction causing pain, bleeding, and possible ulceration

A

Hemorrhoids

62
Q

Thrombophlebitis involves venous thrombosis and inflammation. It almost always involves deep veins in the legs and can be completely asymptomatic. What is the single most important risk factor for developing DVT in the LE?

A

Prolonged inactivity/immobilization

Systemic hypercoagulability may also increase risk

63
Q

Most serious potential consequence of thrombophlebitis/DVT

A

Pulmonary embolism

64
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign) involves a hypercoagulable state experienced as a paraneoplastic syndrome. It is particularly seen with what type of neoplasm?

A

Mucin-producing adenocarcinoma

[associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung, ovary, and pancreas]

65
Q

Common benign vascular tumor characterized by localized increase in neoplastic blood vessels, most commonly affecting skin, mucous membranes of head and neck, and in the liver

A

Hemangiomas

[note that these often regress when congenital]

66
Q

Most common benign vascular tumor

A

Capillary hemangioma

[just thin-walled capillaries tightly packed together]

67
Q

Benign vascular tumor characterized by irregular, dilated vascular channels making a lesion with an indistinct border

More likely to involve deep tissue and more likely to bleed

A

Cavernous hemangioma

68
Q

Type of capillary hemangioma that is rapidly growing and often seen in oral mucosa where they may ulcerate

A

Pyogenic granuloma

[misnomer — not pyogenic, and not a granuloma]

69
Q

A simple lymphangioma appears very similar to capillary hemangiomas, but without _____; affects the subcutis of head/neck and axillae

A

RBCs

70
Q

Describe the lymphangioma that is associated with Turner syndrome

A

Cavernous lymphangioma (cystic hygroma) — appears in neck or axilla of children and can be up to 15cm

Large cavernous lymphangiomas of the neck are often seen in Turner syndrome (X-)

71
Q

Painful, but otherwise benign tumors of smooth muscle origin that most often appear in distal fingers

A

Glomus tumor

72
Q

Benign vascular tumor associated with vascular proliferation in response to gram negative bartonella bacilli

A

Bacillary angiomatosus

73
Q

Clinical features of bacillary angiomatosus

A

Occurs on the skin of immunocompromised pts

The lesions are localized, forming red papules

Macrolide abx are effective

74
Q

Microscopy of Bacillary angiomatosus

A

Proliferation of capillaries with plump endothelial cells

The bacteria can be identified with PCR or visualized with a Warthin-Starry stain

75
Q

Describe epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

A

Intermediate-grade (borderline) vascular tumor composed of neoplastic endothelial cells that are plump and cuboidal — so they resemble epithelium. Vascular channels may be difficult to recognize.

Variable clinical behavior with metastasis in 20-30%

76
Q

Etiology of kaposi sarcoma

A

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)

77
Q

Name the 4 distinct clinical forms of kaposi sarcoma — and which one is most common in US

A

AIDS-associated KS (most common form seen in US)

Classic KS

Endemic African KS

Transplant-associated KS

78
Q

T/F: AIDS-associated KS is the most common AIDS-related malignant tumor and may spread to LNs and viscera

A

True

79
Q

What patient populations are affected by Classic KS?

A

Older men from Middle Eastern, Mediterranean or Eastern descent - NOT associated with HIV, tumors localized to skin

80
Q

Which type of KS is NOT associated with HIV, tends to affect pts <40, and can involve LNs?

A

Endemic African KS

81
Q

Type of KS NOT associated with HIV but with T-cell immunosuppression, can spread to LNs and viscera

A

Transplant-associated KS

82
Q

Characteristic histologic finding associated with Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Sheets of spindle cells

83
Q

Malignant endothelial vascular tumor associated with older age individuals and occurring equally in males and females; commonly associated with induction by radiation exposure, can arise in setting of lymphedema (such as lymphedema in upper extremity after radical mastectomy)

A

Angiosarcoma

84
Q

Environmental exposures associated with hepatic angiosarcoma

A

Arsenic
Pesticides
Thorotrast (contrast agent)
Polyvinyl chloride

85
Q

Angiosarcoma may occur anywhere, but the most common sites are skin, soft tissue, breast, and liver. It is a locally invasive tumor that may metastasize and the 5 year survival rate is around 30% (it is aggressive).

What is the characteristic pathologic marker of this disease?

A

CD31 endothelial marker

86
Q

Therapeutic interventions for vascular pathology can induce intimal thickening by recruiting smooth muscle cells, promoting extracellular matrix deposition, analagous to atherosclerosis. What are some endovascular stenting procedures associated with this complication? What is a potentially better option?

A

Balloon angioplasty —> rupture of occluding plaque and limited dissection produced. Abrupt reclosure can result from extensive dissection, so 90% of angioplasties followed by stent placement.

Coronary stents —> may induce thrombosis, long term may exhibit in-stent restenosis (sometimes w/i 6 months-1year)

bettter option: Drug-eluting stents block smooth muscle activation — decrease restenosis at 1 yr by 50-80%

87
Q

Vascular replacement may be done using synthetic or autologous vascular grafts. Synthetic large bore works for the aorta, but small bore fail d/t ______ or intimal hyperplasia at junction of the graft with the native vasculature.

Thus, the _______ vein or _______ arteries (best px) are utilized for small bore grafts (coronary arteries)

A

Thrombosis

Saphenous; left internal mammary

Cardiovascular Exam I (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions