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OPTO 3002 > vasculature > Flashcards

vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

Aortic arch branches to the head

A

Oxygenated blood from heart, branches into:
Left common carotid a
Left subclavian a -> left vertebral a
Brachiocephalic trunk-> R common carotid a / Right subclavian a -> right vertebral a

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2
Q

Carotid artery branches

A

External carotid aa: multiple branches; Facial (over mandible), Maxillary (through inf. orbital fissure)
Internal carotid aa: straight to skull via carotid canal (ophthalmic aa), supplies anterior 2/3 brain

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3
Q

Vertebral aa

A

Right/left from right subclavian a/left subclavian.
Enters head through foramen magnum via holes in spine
Supplies posterior 1/3 brain.
L/R merge forming basilar a, then diverges forming posterior cerebral a.

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4
Q

Internal carotid artery path

A

Enters skull via carotid canal, turns horizontally in temporal bone, enters cranial cavity via foramen lacerum turning vertically into cavernous sinus immediately, were it turns horizontally, turns vertically to exit sinus and give ophthalmic branch.
Joins circle of Willis forming Ant. cerebral a / Pos. communicating a.
continues up as Middle cerebral a

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5
Q

Ophthalmic artery path

A

Is first branch of internal carotid a.
Passes optic canal lat./inf. To ON
Branches into central retinal a/ciliary aa/supraorbital a/lacrimal a

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6
Q

Circle of Willis from internal carotid artery

A

branches Ant. cerebral artery / Pos. communicating artery.
Ant. cerebral artery connected by Ant. communicating artery.
Pos. communicating joins Pos. cerebral artery
Pos. cerebral artery originates from basilar artery.

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7
Q

Cranial meninges function

A

CNS/vessel impact protection, contain CSF, forms partitions in skull, coverers ON

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8
Q

Layers of cranial meninges, from outer to inner

A

Drua mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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9
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer: Endosteal, fuses to bone
Inner: Meningeal, binds arachnoid mater
Layers separate forming venous sinuses

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10
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

White later between dura mater and subarachnoid space

Subarachnoid has vessels, CSF, and arachnoid granulations extruding into sinuses.

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11
Q

Pia mater

A

Bound to brain under subarachnoid space.

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12
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Dural fold between hemispheres of brain.
Contains sup./inf. Sagittal sinus
Ant. Hangs from ethmoid bone
Pos. internal projection of occipital bone

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13
Q

Dural folds

A

Meningeal layer of dura passing into cranial cavity for stabilization of brain.
Falx cerebri: vertical between hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli: horizontal between cerebellum/cerebrum
Falx cerebelli: Inferior continuation of Falx cerebri post confluence
Diaphragm sellae: surrounds pituitary stalk, connects wings of tentorium cerebelli

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14
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates cerebellum from occipital lobe
Attaches from occipital bone to temporal bone
Binds to falx cerebri at confluence of sinuses in pos. occipital bone.

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15
Q

Unpaired Venous sinuses of brain

A

Inf. Sagittal sinus: inner falx cerebri
Sup. Sagittal sinus: outer falx cerebri
Straight sinus: connects sup. Sagittal sinus with confluence of sinuses
Cavernous sinus: below diaphragm sellae

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16
Q

Paired venous sinuses of the brain

A

Transverse sinuses: from confluence to occipital bone (follows outer tentorium cerebeli)
Sigmoid sinuses: from transverse sinuses to jugular foramen
Petrosal sinus: from cavernous sinus to sigmoid sinus

17
Q

Veins of the orbit

A

Sup./Inf. Ophthalmic v: connect at orbit apex (near ON)
Superior: runs along nasal wall, drains supra orbital/trochlear, and facial veins.
Inferior: communicates facial veins, via infraorbital foramen, with pterygoid plexus via inferior orbital fissure

18
Q

Communication between facial vein and ophthalmic vein

A

Anastomoses between them, with valves to keep flow towards cavernous sinus.
Facial infection can reach sinus leading to thrombosis affecting cranial nerves for eye motion and crossing to both eyes.

19
Q

Head and neck veins

A

External jugular vein, internal jugular vein, and vertebral vein. Both sides join forming superior vena cava.

20
Q

Brain stem from bottom to top

A

Medulla oblongata: initial girth gaining
Pons: extrusion
Midbrain: within brain
Diencephalon: center of brain

21
Q

Brain ventricle locations

A

1/2: L/R lateral wings within hemispheres

3: head in diencephalon
4: between pons and cerebellum

22
Q

Third ventricle communication

A

Connects to 1/2 ventricle via interventricular foramina

Connects to 4 ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

23
Q

Forth ventricle communication

A

Connects to spinal cord

Connects to subarachnoid space via median and lateral foramina

24
Q

Protection factors of brain

A

Bones, Meninges. (structural)
CSF: Impact, nutrient and waste transport
BBB

25
Q

CSF drainage

A

Arachnoid granulations (subarachnoid space extrusions through dura) let CSF pass into sup. Sagittal sinus filled with venous blood.

26
Q

CSF circulation (production to drainage)

A

Produced in choroid plexus of each ventricle
Flows through ventricles, into subarachnoid space via medial/lateral foramina (bottom of 4th ventricle, pos. oblongata)
Drains into sup. Sagittal sinus via arachnoid granulations

27
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions in endothelial cells of vessels only allow lipid-soluble passage.
Hydrophilic molecules need active transport.
The same as inner retinal BRB

28
Q

blood retinal barriers

A

Inner: capillaries in inner retina control entry into inner retina. Same as BBB
Outer: in RPE cells controlling entry to outer retina. Same to Blood CSF barrier

29
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Lower brainstem, between foramen magnum and 4th ventricle
Nuclei of CN 8-12
Contains autonomic nuclei for cardiovascular and respiratory centres

30
Q

Pons

A

Bulge above medulla oblongata
4th ventricle seperates pons and cerebellum
Origin of CN 5-7*
CN V: exits superiorly (big)
CN VI: inferiorly, and medially between CN VII (small)
CN VII

31
Q

Midbrain

A 
Above pons, 4 posterior bulges (2 sup. / 2 inf. Colliculi)
Visual processing in sup. Colliculi
4th ventricle runs through midbrain
CN IV exits between inf. colliculi
CN III exits anteriorly
32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Dorsal to pons/medulla
Input from cortex, brainstem, sensory
Allows smooth motion

33
Q

Diencephalon parts

A

Diencephalon parts
Thalamus: central protrusion
Hypothalamus: lower middle anterior
Epithalamus (pineal gland): lower posterior extrusion.

34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below thalamus, forms floor of 3rd ventricle
Connects to pituitary gland (anterior extrusion)
Controls autonomic center for iris/ciliary body.

35
Q

Cerebral hemisphere surface markings

A

Gyri: shallow dip
Sulci: intrusion into brain, separate lobes
Fissure: deep intrusion, longitudinal fissure has falc cerebri, transverse fissure has tentorium cerebelli

36
Q

Lobes of brain

A

Occipital lobe: pos. above cerebellum. For visual stimuli
Parietal lobe: Pos. above occipital
Frontal lobe: ant. Above temporal
Temporal lobe: adjacent to occipital

37
Q

Superior / inferior orbital vein pathway

A

Sup. orbital v exits cavernous sinus into Sup. orbital fissure.
Branches Inf. orbital vein, which branches through Inf. orbital fissure to pterygoid plexus and through infraorbital foramen
Sup. orbital v passes Supraorbital foramen

38
Q

Opthalmic artery pathway and branches

A

Internal Carotid Artery branches Ophthalmic artery through Optic canal, branches:
Central retinal A
Short/Long ciliary A
Supra orbital/trochlear A

OPTO 3002 (10 decks)

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