Vascular System Flashcards
Aorta
Blood is pumped into
branches into a series of arteries
Route of blood
Deoxygenated blood is pumped into the AORTA-> branches into arteries which then branch into arterioes which then branch into capillaries–> blood is oxygenated –> capillaries converge into venules –> converge into veins –> blood deoxygenated–> blood back to the heart
Right side of heart
pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle not as muscular
ventricle
lower chambers of heart, right and left
Left side of heart
pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)
Left ventricle more muscular than right because it has to pump blood to all the body, has to pump against a higher resistance
atrioventricular valves
located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart prevent backflow of blood into the atria
tricuspid valve
valve on right side of the heart
has three cusps
mitral valve
valve on left side of the heart
has two cusps
semilunar valve
have three cusps
located between the left ventricle and the aorta (aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve)
systole
period of heartbeat during which the ventricles contract
diastole
period of heartbeat when cardiac muscles relax and blood drains into all four chambers of the heart
cardiac output
total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute. heart rate x stroke volume
Sinoatrial Node
(SA NODE) pacemaker, small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium, spreads impulses through both atria stimulating them to contract simultaneously. Ordinary cardiac contraction originates in and is regulated by the SA node
Atrioventricular Node
AV node, impulse from SA node arrives here, conducts slowly, allows time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
carries impulse from SA–>AV–> bundle of His, which branches into the right and left bundle branches
purkinje fibers
impulse goes through here after SA->AV–> AV bundle, in the walls of both ventricles which causes a strong contraction
Autonomic Nervous System
modifies the rate of heart contraction
vagus nerve
Parasympathetic system innervates the heart by using this, causes a decrease in heart rate.
Sympathetic System Action
innervates the heart via the cervical and upper thoraic ganglia and causes an increase in heart rate. Adrenal medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine secretion which causes an increase in heart rate
Three types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries
thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels, transport oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary arteries which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
veins
relatively thin arteries, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood to the heart (EXCEPT FOR PULMONARY VEINS)
pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction
Lymphatic System
secondary circulatory system, vessels transport interstitial fluid called lymph to the cardiovascular system keeping fluid levels in the body constant.
Lacteals
The smallest lymphatic vessels, collect fats in the form of chlomicrons from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the bloodstream bypassing the liver
Lymph Nodes
swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells called lymphocytes that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens
Blood
four to six liters in the body, both liquid (55%) and cellular components (45%)
Plasma
Liquid component of blood, aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins
Cellular Components of Blood
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Erythrocytes
red blood cells: oxygen carrying components of blood, contains approximately 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, distinct biconcave shape for increased surface area and flexibility, formed from stem cells in the capillaries that lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and membranous organelles
Leukocytes
White blood cells: Main component of the immune system. larger than erythrocytes, protective functions. Phagocytize foreign matter, migrate from blood to tissue where they mature into a macrophage. Lymphocytes are involved in immune response and the production of antibodies (B Cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to four oxygen
platelets
cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation, involved in injury repair
deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
Transport of Nutrients
amino acids and sugars are absorbed into the blood stream at the intestinal capillaries and after processing are transported throughout the body.
Transport of waste
diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells, then delivered to the appropriate excretory organs
Platelet Plug
forms when platelets come in contact with exposed collagen of a damaged vessel which then release a chemical that causes platelets to adhere to one another
Thromboplastin
Clotting factor released by platelets and the damaged tissue. Cofactors are calcium and vitamin K. It coverts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin to the active form thrombin.
Thrombin
Active form of Prothrombin. Converts fibrinogen, a plasma protein, into fibrin.
Fibrin
Threads of fibrin coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot.
Serum
fluid left after blood clotting
Process of Clotting
Platelets in contact with exposed collagen–> thromboplastin released-> (prothrombin to thrombin)–> (fibrinogen to fibrin)-> traps blood cells to clot
humoral immunity
compromised by specific immunity, involves the production of antibodies
cell-mediated immunity
cells combat fungal and viral infections
skin
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, barrier against bacterial invasion
mucus- coated epithelia
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, filter and trap foreign particles
macrophages
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, engulf and destroy foreign particles
Inflammatory response
Nonspecific defense mechanisms, injured cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate increasing blood flow to the region. Granulocytes are attracted to the injured site and phagocytize antigenic material. Also accompanied by fever, interferons produced and diffuse to other cells to prevent spread of virus
Allergic reaction
inappropriate response to certain foods and pollen cause the body to form antibodies and release histamine
Immunoglobulins (aka Antibodies)
Humoral Immunity, complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them.
Leukocytes (Humoral Immunity Response)
attracted by antibodies, phagocytize the antigen or cause the antigen to clump together, agglutinate, and form large insoluble complexes, facilitating their removal by phagocytic cells.
Active Immunity
refers to production of antibodies during an immune response, can be conferred by vaccination, stimulates the immune system to produce specific antibodies against it
Passive Immunity
transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism, acquired passively or by injection. lasts only as long as the antibodies circulate in the blood system.
Gamma globulin
fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity
antigens
Characteristic cell surface proteins on erythrocytes. Macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response. Two major groups of red blood cell antigens: ABO group and Rh factor.
Blood type A
antigen: A
Antibody: anti-B
Can donate to: A and AB
Can receive from: A and O
Blood type B
antigen: B
Antibody: anti-A
Can donate to: B and AB
Can receive from: B and O
Blood type AB
antigen: A and B
Antibody: none
Can donate to: AB only
Can receive from: universal acceptor
Blood type O
antigen: none
Antibody: anti-A and anti-B
Can donate to: all Universal Donor
Can receive from: O only
Rh Factor
may be present on the surface of a red blood cell. Rh+ or Rh-. Especially important during pregnancy.
