Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Principles II > Vascular Surgery > Flashcards

Vascular Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Most Common Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The mortality rate in patients with vascular disease is ___ X higher than in
the general population

A

The mortality rate in patients with vascular disease is 2-6 X higher than in the general population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Surgical Therapies for PVD

A

Transluminal Angioplasty
Endarterectomy
Thrombectomy
Endovascular Stenting
Arterial Bypass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Number 1 Complication of any Vascular Procedure?

A

Myocardial Infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Number 2 Complication of Vascular Surgery?

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vascular surgery patients are known to be at elevated risk of
perioperative ______

A

Vascular surgery patients are known to be at elevated risk of
perioperative MACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 RF associated with PVD?

A

DM, Tobacco use and HLD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Major Ppen Vascular Cases can be associated with significant fluctuations in ______, _______, _________, _______, & ______

A

Major Ppen Vascular Cases can be associated with significant fluctuations in ______, _______, _________, _______, & ______

Fluid Volumes, Cardiac Filling Pressures, Systemic Blood Pressures, HR and Thrombogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A careful history must be taken to define the extent of any diagnosed ASCVD & to screen for any undiagnosed concurrent disease (e.g., _______ , __________, or ________ or __________
_________)

A

A careful history must be taken to define the extent of any
diagnosed ASCVD & to screen for any undiagnosed concurrent
disease (e.g., angina or equivalent, TIA, or mesenteric or peripheral
ischemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Physical examination should evaluate for any evidence of end
organ involvement (e.g., __________,
______, or
________) or cardiovascular decompensation
(e.g., _______,
___________,
________________,
______, _
______, or
_________)

A

Physical examination should evaluate for any evidence of end
organ involvement (e.g., diminished pulses,
S4 gallop,
or residual
deficit from previous stroke) or cardiovascular decompensation
(e.g., new or worsened murmur,
jugular venous distention, third heart sound on cardiac auscultation,
rales,
shortness of breath,
or
peripheral edema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What Labs or Tests would you order Preop?

A

CBC– if Blood loss, Anemia, and platelete count
Coagulation– If patient is on anticoagulants or regional is anticipated
Chemistry– ↑ risk of underlying renal insufficiency
12 lead EKG– Increased risk of MACE Done within 1 month
Ecco if previous LV dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______ are recommended in patients at high risk for MI

A

β-BLOCKERS recommended in patients at high risk for MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When should B Blockers be started in vascular surgery patients?

A

Days to weeks before surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ideal HR for patients undergoing Vascular surgery ?

A

HR should be 50-60 BPM to ↓ Cardiac Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A _______ should be instituted 30 days prior to the surgical
procedure & continued throughout the postoperative period

A

A STATIN should be instituted 30 days prior to the surgical
procedure & continued throughout the postoperative period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

STATINS have Cardioprotective effectrs as the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A

Statins:
1. ↓ Vascular Inflammation
2. ↓ the incidence of thrombogenesis
3. ↑ Nitric Oxide Bioavailability
4. Stabilize atherosclerotic Plaques
5. ↓ Lipid Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

According to the Poise trial Aspirin has what perioperative effect / Consequence?

A

Aspirin does not prevent MI and does ont alter the risk of Periopertative cardiovascular event

However does ↑ the risk of major bleeding event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Indication for Carotid Endartectomy (4)

A
  1. TIA Associated with Ipsilateral Severe Carotid Stenosis
  2. Severe Ipsilateral Stenosis in patient with incomplete Stroke
  3. 30-70 % occlusion in a patient with Ipsilateral symptoms
  4. Historically– Asymptomatic Stenosis Lesions >60 % would be recommended for CEA, now they are stented
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Risk Factors for perioperative Mortality of CEA (6)

A
  1. Age >75
  2. Symptomatic Lesions
  3. Uncontrolled HTN
  4. Angina
  5. Carotid Thrombus
  6. Occlusions near the carotid Siphon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most likely site of a CEA?

A

Bifurcation of the Carotid Artery with the proximal internal carotid involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anatomical Structures near the carotid dissection (5)

A
  1. Hypoglossal Nerves
  2. Vagus Nerve
  3. RLN
  4. Mandibular Branch of Facial nerve
  5. Glossopharyngeal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chronic HTN shifts the Cerebral autoregulatory curve which way? meaning what?

A

Shifts to the right
CBF becomes BP dependant and narrows range for ideal flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Profound Hypocarbia Causes Cerebral Vascular _______. Causing ___ in CBF

A

Profound Hypocarbia Causes Cerebral Vascular CONSTRICTION. Causing ↓ in CBF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

______ Occurs with Hypercarbia as it leads to Cerebral Vascular ________ in Cerebral Vessels

A

___Cerebral Steal__ Occurs with Hypercarbia as it leads to Cerebral Vascular __Dilation___ in Cerebral Vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inhalation agents __ CBF d/t _______ in a dose dependant manner

A

Inhalation agents ↑ CBF due to cerebral vascular dilation in a
dose-dependent fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Anesthetic Agents Except ______ ↓ CMRO2

A

Anesthetic Agents Except ____Ketamine__ ↓ CMRO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Normal CBF

A

– 50 mL/100g/ min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Each 100 ml of blood contains ___ mL of O2

A

20 mL of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CMRO2 in brain is ____

A

3-5 ml/100g/min AVG 3.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ischemia is apparent on EEG at CBF of ________

A

20 ml/100g/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Neuronal Destruction occurs at CBF of _______

A

10 mL/100g/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Carotid Circulation supplies _______% of the Brain
other % is the ______

A

Carotid Circulation supplies __80-90%__% of the Brain
other % is the __Vertebral Artery___

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

1 Goal for Anesthesia during CEA?

A

Avoid Hemodynnamic extremes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Extreme Hypocarbia causes a _____ Shift in the Oxyhemoglobin curve

A

Extreme Hypocarbia causes a ___Left__ Shift in the Oxyhemoglobin curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Luxury perfusion?

A

Diseased Blood vessels are maximally dialate and will not constrict or dilate further. CO2 has little effect on their flow

Increased CBF during normal state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Intracerebral Steal Syndrome
↑ in PaCCO2 causes ____ in normal vessels and _____ of blood from _____ vessels

A

Intracerebral Steal Syndrome
↑ in PaCCO2 causes _Dilation__ in normal vessels and __Shunting___ of blood from __diseased___ vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Modalities to protect the brain
(4)

A
  1. Hypothermia (low normal)
  2. Aggressive Glucose Control (Avoid Glucose Solutions)
  3. ↓ CMRO2
  4. Shunts (During Cross Clamping)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pitfalls of Carotid Shunt Placement (2)

A

Potential traumatic injury to the distal internal carotid artery intimate

Potential for embolization of the atherosclerotic debris or air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Problems with Shunts
(9)

A
  1. Duslodgement of plaque or clot
  2. Air Embolism
  3. Kinking
  4. Shunt occlusion against Art Wall
  5. Dusruption of Distal Internal Carotid
  6. Patient may still get EEG Changes
  7. Shunt may impair surgical access
  8. only beneficial if the cause is low flow
  9. 65-95 % of neurologic deficits during CRA may be thromboembolic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ways to monitor Cerebral Perfusion

A

EEG, SSEP, Cerebral Pulseox, Transcranial Doppeler, Awake patient, Direct Xenon Cerbral blood flow measure, Stump Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Stump pressure normal and extreme values

A

Normal- 40
Extreme Values <25 >60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_______ – not recommended to allow for rapid neuro assessment postop

A

__Midazolam__ – not recommended to allow for rapid neuro assessment postop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Limit fluid to a max of _____ mL/kg in 2 hour

A

10 mL/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Benefits of LA in CEA

A

↓ Opioid use
↓ Baroreceptor mediated Bradycardia from carotid bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

BP goal before and after carotid Cross clamping

A

Normotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

BP goal During cross clamp

A

20% above baseline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Average cross clamping time

A

30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex S/s

A

Sudden Bradycardia and hyptension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Sudden Bradycardia and hypotension during CEA Treatment

A

Surgeon injects 1 % lidocain to the bifurcation of the carotid sinus

This blocks sodium channels so no conduction from the nerves to the brain and no drop in HR

This can result in post op Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How much heparin is given before cross clamping

A

50-100 u/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When is an ACT drawn

A

3 minutes and every 30 minutes thereafter

52
Q

How much protamine is given

A

50 - 150 mg given SLOWLY

53
Q

What level is necessary for Regional Anesthesia

A

C2-C4 Dermatome blocked

Deep or superficial Cervical block

54
Q

Advantages of Regional anesthesia for CEA (5)

A

Stable BP
Inexpensive and easy
Avoidance of tracheal intubation
Avoidance of negative Inotropic anesthetic agents

55
Q

Disadvantage for Regional for CEA (3)

A

1.Risk of Laryngeal nerve paralysis and phrenic nerve palsy
2. Requires highly cooperative patient
3. Unpredictable risk of sudden onset agitation and poor

56
Q

Respiratory Complications of CEA

A

Recurrent Laryngeal / Hypoglossal injury d/t neck hematoma or deficient crotid body function

Tension Pneumothorax @ apex

57
Q

Risk Factors for Hematoma formation (2)

A

Failure to reverse Heparin

Remaining intubated post op

58
Q

What is the result of Cerebral hyperperfusion Syndrome? and what increases the risk?

A

Cerebral Edema
HTN ↑ risk

59
Q

Who does Cerebral Hyperperfusion synrome happen in mostly?

A

Those with a contralateral CEA w/i 3 months and a 2nd CEA on the ipsilateral side

60
Q

ACT for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting

A

> 250 seonds

61
Q

Sedation for Carotid Angioplsty and stenting

A

Minimal, Patient needs to be arousable and responsive

62
Q

RF for AAA (7)

A
  1. Advanced Age (50-80)
  2. Male > Female
  3. Family Hx
  4. Smoking ↑ 5x
  5. CAD, HTN, PVD, ↑ Cholesterol
  6. COPD
  7. Caucasian
63
Q

Contraindication for Elective repair

A
  1. Interactable Angina
  2. Recent MI
  3. Severe Pulmonary dysfunction
  4. Chronic Renal Insufficiency
64
Q

Law of Laplace

A

T (Wall Tension)= P (Transmural Pressure) x r (Vessel Radius)

65
Q

↑ risk of rupture > ____cm
Surgical repair > ____cm or growth >
____-____ cm/year

A

↑ risk of rupture > 5cm
Surgical repair > 5.5cm or growth >
0.6-0.8 cm/year

66
Q

Goals of AAA

A

Optimization of Myocardial O2 Supple and demand
Modification of cardiac RF
Done with B blockers and statins

67
Q

What is the most important patient preperation to enhance cardiac function

A

Fluid loading
restoration of intravascular volume

68
Q

_______ is an ever-present threat, therefore the availability of blood & blood products should be ensured

A

__Massive hemorrhage__ is an ever-present threat, therefore the availability of blood & blood products should be ensured

69
Q

Hypovolemia in AAA patients preop is caused by

A

Radiographic dye studies and bowel prep

70
Q

Heparin ____ units/kg are administered 5 minutes before aortic cross clamping

ACT Level Required

A

100-300 units/kg

ACT >400

71
Q

Main Anesthetic goals of AAA repair

A

Keep Patient Warm
Keep HR Slow
Avoid Anemia
Prevent HTN – Especially prior to clamping

72
Q

Classic Triad of AAA

A

1.Severe Back pain
2. Altered Mental State d/t Hypotension
3. Apulsatile abdominal mass

73
Q

Emergency AAA Repair Priorities

A

Treat Hypothermia
Administer Ca d/t lack of citrate metabolism d.t lack of liver flow
Vasopresin for catecholamine depletion

74
Q

Primary goal of AAA rupture

A

Control of blood loss and reversal of hypotension

Then preservation of hte myocrdial function

75
Q

Directly related response to Aortic Cross-Clamping

A

Location of clamp (Most common is infrarenal)
Intravscular Volume
Cardiac Reserve

76
Q

Applcation of Aortic Cross ClampCreates _____

A

Central Hypervolemia

↓ Venous Capacity resulting from a shift in a large portion of blood volume proximal to the clamp and increasing venous return

77
Q

Removal of Arotic cross clamp creates ____

A

Central Hypovolemia–Large ↓ in BP

Venous capacity is restored blood shifts back to lower body below clamp capillary beds leak decreasing intravascular volume and ↓ venous return

78
Q

CV Canges with Cross Clamp

HR-
CO-
Above Clamp?
Below Clamp?

A

HTN above the cross clamp
Hypotension below cross clamp

Due to ↑ SVR aortic impedence and after load
Cardiac Output ↓ or remains
HR remains unchanged

79
Q

Hemodynamic Changes with Cross Clamp

Increased (6)

A

Art BP Above Clamp
Segmental Wall motion abnormalities
Left Ventricular Wall Tension (↑ Afterload)
PAOP
CVP
CA Blood Flow (↑ Demand/Adenosine)
Myocardial O2 Demand – ↑ Afterload and ↑ Preload & Conractility

80
Q

Hemodynamic Changes

Decreased… (4)

A

Art BP Below Clamp
EF
CO
Renal Blood Flow

81
Q

Metabolic Changes

Increased… (3)

A

Mixed Venous O2
Epi and Norepi
Respiratory Alk and Met Acidosis

82
Q

Metabolic Changes
Decreases …

A

total-Body O2 Consumption
Total Body CO2 Production
Total Body O2 Extraction

83
Q

Fluid Shifts from ____ to ____ distal to clamp

and ____ to ____ proximal of Clamp

A

Fluid Shifts from __Iterstitial__ to _intravascular___ distal to clamp

and _intravascular___ to _interstitial___ proximal of Clamp

84
Q

Hemodynamic Change– ↑ BP Above Clamp
Metabolic Change ↓ Total Body O2 Consumption
Intraop intervention

A

↓ Afterload–> Na Nitroprusside
Inhaled Anesthetics
Milrinone

Shunts and Aorta to Femorlal Bipass

85
Q

Hemodynamic Change– ↓ in arterial BP below Clamp

Metabolic Change– ↓ in CO2 Production
Intraop Intervention:___

A

Nitroglycerin
Atrial to Femoral Bypass

86
Q

Hemodynamic Changes– ↑ Wall Motion abnormalities and LV wall Tension

Metabolic Change: ↑ Mixed venous O2 Sat
Intraop Interventions:

A

renal Protection:
Fluid
Manitol
Lasix
Dopamine
N-Acetylcystein
renal Cold Perfusion

87
Q

Effects of Cross Clamping on the Lungs

A

↑ PVR and PAP

88
Q

Ischemia Generates Thromboxane Which …

A

↑ PAP,
induces Neutrophil Entrapment in lungs,
↑ Pulmonary permeability resulting in Pulnmonary edema and shunting

89
Q

Aortic Cross Clamping of the kidneys results in _______, Which activates _______

A

Aortic Cross Clamping of the kidneys results in ___Hypoperfusion__, Which activates ___Renin- Angiotensin system__

90
Q

What is the best way to effective protect the kidneys from ischemia?

A

Optimization of systemic hemodynamics including ciorculating blood volume

91
Q

The major effect of Angiotensin II is ___

A

↑ in renal vascular resistance and sodium reabsorption

Directly (Proximal and tubular) and indirectly (by ↑ of aldosterone

92
Q

____ reduces the degree of the ↓ in renal blood flow during cross clamp

A

__Manitol__ reduces the degree of the ↓ in renal blood flow during cross clamp

93
Q

Paraplegia/Anterior Cord Syndrom is characterized by ____

A

loss of motor &
pinprick sensation but preservation of vibration &
proprioception

94
Q

Where is the Artery of Adma owicz located?

A

Usually T8-T12 but can be L1-L2

95
Q

Spinal Cord Ischemia Prevention Measures

A

Short Cross Clamp Times
Fast Surgery
Maintenance or normal Cardiac Function
Higher Perfusion Pressures
Monitoring SSEPs and MEPs

96
Q

Ideal ICP for these Patients

A

10-12

97
Q

Do not drain more than ____ mLs of CSF /hour. Risk for SAH

A

20 mL/hour

98
Q

Hemodyamic Response to Unclamping

A

↓ Myocardail Contraction (Stunting), Arterial BP, CVP, Venous Return, CO, SVR and Preload

↑ in PAP

99
Q

Unclamping Metabolic Changes

A

↓ in Mixed Venous O2 Sat, Temperature
↑ in O3 Consumption, Lactate, prostoglandins, Myocardial depressant Factors and aNetabolic Acidosis

100
Q

Unclamping Intraop Interventions

A

↓ Anesthetic Depth
↓ Vasodilators
↑ Fluids
↑ Vasoconstrictors
Reapply Cross Clamp for Severe Hypotenion
Consider administration of mannitol and sodium bicarb

101
Q

Whatcauses repurfusion syndrome?

A

Restoration of blood flow t tissues with ↑ inflammatory cell influx and cytotoxic substance wash out into central circulation

102
Q

What is the severity of repurfusion syndrome dependant on?

A

Duration of clamping

103
Q

Repurfusion syndrom results in: (6)

A

Myocardial Stunning and dysrhythmias
Hypotension
Acute Repiratory distress syndrome
Renal Failure
COmpartment syndrome
MODS

104
Q

What influences the magnitude or Change in CO after Unclamping?

A

Intravascular Volume
Site
Duration of Clamp

105
Q

Anesthetic Interventions to unclamping

A

↓ Anesthetic Depth
↓ Vasodilators and ↑ Constrictors
↑ Fluids
Fluid Load prior to unclamping
Reapply Clam and Gradual release

106
Q

What Thoracic AAA Classification is this?

A

Debakey I
Stanford A

107
Q

What Thoracic AAA Classification is this?

A

Debakey II
Stanford A

108
Q

What Thoracic AAA Classification is this?

A

Debakey III
Stanford B

109
Q

What Side A-Line for a Thoracic AAA repair

A

R Side

110
Q

Anesthetic Management of AAA
Preload:

A

↓

111
Q

Anesthetic Management of AAA
Afterload

A

↓ with Anesthetics, analgesics, and aerterial dilators

Keep Systolic <100-120

112
Q

Anesthetic Management of AAA
Contractility

A

Maintain or ↑ Titrate Myocardial Depressant carefully

113
Q

Advanctages to Endovascular Adbominal aortic repair

A

less Invasive
Shorter Hospital Stay
Lower Cost
No Aortic cross Clamping
↓ Embolic events
↓ blood loss
Reduce in stress response
Reduce organ dysfunction
↓ aortic interruption
↓ postop pain

114
Q

Disadvantages tot Endovascular abdominal aortic repair

A

Endoleak
Graft Thrombosis
Ggraft migration
Graft Rupture
Graft infection
iliac artery rupture
Lower Extremity ischemia
Late AAA rupture
No long term all cause moratality or quality of life advantage for evar

115
Q

ACT for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Repair

A

ACT >200

116
Q

What is the critical phase in endovascular thoracic aortic repair?

A

Device Deployment

117
Q

ACT for Lower Extremity revascularization?

A

> 200 s

118
Q

Regional Spinal Level for Lewer Extremity Revascularizatino?

A

T10

119
Q

Repurfusion of Lwer Extremity causes release of ____, ____ and _____ that causes ____ and ______

A

Repurfusion of Lwer Extremity causes release of __Potassium__, __Cytokines__ and ___Metabolic acidosis__ that causes _Hypotension___ and ___Myocardial Depression__

120
Q

Anesthesia for Vena Cava Filter?

A

Usually Local or MAC with light sedation

121
Q

TIPS Procedure
______ or ____ within the first 6 months

A

TIPS Procedure
___Reocclusion___ or __thrombosis__ within the first 6 months

122
Q

What is the most painful part of a TIPs procedure?

A

Balloon Dilation of the tract

123
Q

Anesthesia considerations for TIPs procedure

A

RSI for Ascites
Coagulopathy
Hyperdynamic circulation
metabolism of drugs
respiratory alkalosis
Hemorrhage risk

124
Q

Indications of Radiofrequency Ablation therapy for varicose veins

A

Symptomatic Superficial insufficiency of veins >3 mm that is refractory for those with compression stockings >18 yo

125
Q

Contraindications for Radiofrequency Ablation of VV
(7)

A
  1. INcompetent superficial vein diameter <2mm
  2. Hx of extensive DVT in the same leg
  3. Active superficial DVT in the same vein
  4. History of prior surgical or endovenous treatment of the same leg
  5. Pregnancy
    Known Malignancy
  6. Overall poor health frail immobile
  7. Known bleeding or clotting disorders

Advanced Principles II (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions