Vascular Physiology Intro Flashcards
Give examples of large vessels, microvasculature vessels and lymphatic vessels
Large vessels- large artery and veins (aorta)
Microvasculature- venule, arterioles, capillaries
Lymphatic vessels- lymph node, lymphatic vessels
Outline the basic functions of the vasculature?
1- transport of gas 2- transport of nutrients 3- removal of waste 4-regulation of BP and flow 5- regulation of body temp
How are new capillaries formed?
By vasculogenesis, this occurs by a denovo production of endothelial cells and their formation into vascular tubes.
describe the function of capillaries?
Connect arterioles and venules
Allow exchange of water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as other nutrients and waste between blood and surrounding tissues.
What is angiogenesis?
The formation of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels.
this differers from vasculargenesis. how?
In capillary microciculation, what is the term given for pressure from inside the blood vessel to the interstitial fluid?
what term is given for pressure from interstitial fluid to the blood vessel?
In to out = hydrostatic pressure
Out to in= osmotic pressure
What does atherosclerosis result in?
Peripheral arterial disease (pad)
Heart disease ( coronary arteries)
Stroke
Vascular dementia ( lacunar stroke)
What is the process of atherosclerosis?
Sheer stress
Luminal endothelial cell damage
inflammation
plaque build up
angiogenesis
calcification
thrombosis/////
-Risk factors (Smoking/ hypertension) increase the amount of free radicals in the blood,
-this damages the endothelial layer of the artery
-fats, cholesterol, platelets and calcium accumulate over time in the artery wall.
-These substances sometimes further stimulate the cells of the artery wall to produce other substances
-These cells accumulate, and many divide.
-In addition fat builds up within and around these cells. They also form connective tissue.
The arterial wall becomes significantly thickened. blood flow is reduced, decreasing the oxygen supply as not only is the lumen smaller but also the artery walls lose elasticity.
If the oxygen supply to the heart muscle is reduced, a heart attack can occur. If the oxygen supply to the brain is cut off, a stroke can occur. And if the oxygen supply to the extremities is reduced, gangrene can result.
sable vs unstable plaque
what are the risk factors associated with athersclerosis?
Hypertension Cholesterol smoking obesity genetics male?
what line of treatment is used for atherosclerosis?
prevenetion rather than treatment.
A reduction of risk factors such as dieting or stopping smoking.
Name 2 vascular diseases of the brain
Ischaemic stroke
Vascualar dementia
what is Vascular dementia and how prevelant is it?
grouping of syndromes that cause or result in vascular lesions (loss of function) on the brain average 5 year survival is less than 40% more common in men risk increases with age only alzheimers is more common
what are the symptoms of vascular dementia?
- Change in memory
- Mental impairment
- Symptoms often follow a stoke
- Changes in motor movement
- Loss of desire/motivation
- Difficulty maintaining attention
- Loss of orientation
- Loss of bladder control
- Changes in gait (walking)
- Change in reflexes
- Difficulty swallowing
What is the cause of Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and how prevalent is it?
PAD is an atherosclerotic process that causes stenosis (narrowing of arteries/veins) and occlusion (blocking of blood vessel) of non-cerebral and non-coronary arteries
Also known as Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
the build up of atheroma (fatty deposits) restricts blood flow to the peripheries
Affects 200 million globally
worldwide prevalence of almost 10%, rising to 15-20% in people over 70 years of age
What are the risk factors of PAD?
multi factorial. many envoronmental risks.
Smoking- (Buerger’s Disease and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm are specific to smokers)
Type I and Type II diabetes
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Age (70+)
