Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio Exam 1 > Vascular Pathology and HTN > Flashcards

Vascular Pathology and HTN Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the veins?

A

Internal: intima
Middle: media
External: adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the media thickest and why?

A

Arteries because it is composed of smooth muscle cells and ECM
It needs to be able to withstand high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the intima composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is there the most elastic tissue?

A

Media because it needs to be flexible to the change in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the aventitia composed of?

A

Mainly connective tissue and contains nerves and blood vessels!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the aventitia?

A

To supply nutrients and oxygen to cells that are farther away from the blood and lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which arteries are the most elastic?

A

Pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What arteries are the most muscular?

A

Coronary or renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

****What are the smallest arteries called and what happens here?

A

Arterioles and it is the site where regulation of blood pressure occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Peripheral resistance

A

Resistance that is encounterd by blood during blood flow in the arteries
Related to diameter size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Drugs that cause vasodilation do what? Vasoconstriction?

A

Lower blood pressure; increase blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are capillaries important?

A

They are within every tissue and are drug targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nutrients and oxygen can only be carried?

A

100 mcL so lots of capillaries to make sure everyone gets what they need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What doesn’t have all three layers?

A

Pericytes and endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the veins?

A

Blood slows down because there is an exchange of oxygen and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most disease effect?

A

Arteries not veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the major pump of the heart?

A

Left ventricle, that is why it has such a large myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the left ventricle send blood?

A

Through the aorta to the organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define pulmonary circulation

A

Veins collect the blood and return it to the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary HTN?

A

Increased pressure in the lungs, somewhere between the blood being sent from the right ventricle to the lungs to the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What if something happens to the left ventricle?

A

Hypoperfusion to the tissues or the return of the lungs from the LV will be impaired and it will be stuck in the lungs (stasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When could you see decrease in elasticity of the arteries?

A

Age or atherosclerosis –> cannot expand during systole or recoil during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the regulating mechanisms of blood pressure?

A 
Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic)
Metabolic factors (lactic acid)
Cellular interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does lactic acid do anything for the blood pressure?

A

It decreases extracellular pH leading to vasodilation bc you need more oxygen and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the exchange of nutrients and oxygen occur?

A

Portal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Keep fluid in homeostasis; increased pressure would lead to accumulation of fluid in the tissue (edema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Veins

A

2/3 blood is stored here
Are easily penetrated by tumors
Deep veins typically have really slow blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define Lymphatics

A

Draining system for returning interstitial tissue fluid and inflammatory cells to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define thoracic duct

A

Vessels that take the fluid back to the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lymph nodes are

A

where the collected viruses are sent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fenestrated endothelium is important?

A

for filtration in the kidney and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The less amount of fenestrae is important because?

A

That prevent thrombosis and coagulation would occur immediately if it comes in contact with that layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define plasminogenosis

A

Breakdown of the clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blood clot =

A

Blood cells + plasminogen

Important to prevent hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define thrombus

A

Blood clotting in NORMAL blood vessels

36
Q

Platelet Derived Growth Factor

A

Produced by endothelial cells and induce the proliferation of smooth muscle cells
- Seen in injury and atherosclerosis

37
Q

TGFbeta does what?

A

Stops proliferation of smooth muscle cells; contribute to ventricular remodeling in hear failure

38
Q

LDL can be oxidated to?

A

Be incorporated into the wall of blood vessels (atherosclerosis)

39
Q

What prevents thrombosis?

A 
Prostacyclin
NO
Thrombomodulin
Heparin
Plasminogen activator
40
Q

What causes clotting?

A

vWF
tissue factor
plasminogen inhibitor

41
Q

Turbulent blood flow leads to?

A

Increased tendency for coagulation

42
Q

Smoker differentiation

A

Endothelial cells can be damaged by smoke leading to thrombosis and increased permeability of endothelial surface

43
Q

Normal SM cells

A

Do not divide or proliferate

The repair injured blood vessels

44
Q

What is the response to injury process that causes artherosclerosis?

A

Recruitment of SM cells to the intima
SM cells mitosis
Elaboration of extracellular matrix (SM cells die and become debris)

45
Q

Three types of vascular pathologies

A

Stenosis or complete obstruction of blood vessels
Thrombus or embolus
Artherosclerosis

46
Q

Four types of vascular pathologies

A

Weakening of vessel walls
Congenital
Vasculitis
Atherosclerosis

47
Q

Chest pain is a symptom of

A

MI or infarction

48
Q

Peripheral edema is a symptom of

A

Right sided heart failure

49
Q

SOB is a symptom of

A

Pulmonary congestion or left sided heart failure

50
Q

Fatigue is a symptom of?

A

CHF

51
Q

Palpitations, dyspnea, hypoTN, syncope are symptoms of?

A

Arrhythmias

52
Q

Why is it important to control blood flow?

A

Pressure determines flow and flow has a range it must be within and it will increase and decrease when needed?

53
Q

What if we suddenly increased blood pressure?

A

Increased blood flow in tiny capillaries would cause damage to tissues and organs

54
Q

**Blood pressure =

A

CO (Q) X Peripheral vascular resistance

55
Q

******* Cardiac output =

A

Blood volume X heart function

56
Q

Blood volume is dependent on?

A

The amount of fluids we intake and excrete

57
Q

Hematocrit is based on

A

The amount of cells in the body

Higher cells = higher hematocrit

58
Q

What decreases peripheral resistance?

A

NO
Prostacyclin
Kinins
Histamine

59
Q

What increases peripheral resistance?

A

Ang II
Catecholamines
Endothelin
ADH

60
Q

Sympathetic nervous system does what to BP?

A

Increases

61
Q

Non-sympathetic nervous system does what to BP?

A

Decrease by inhibiting the sympathetic

62
Q

Stretch receptors

A

When stretched, trigger the brain to decrease BP and cause vasodilation

63
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Uses neurotransmitters
Epi- Beta - dilation
NE- Alpha- constriction

64
Q

NE & Epi do what?

A

Postganglionic nerve is producing NE which binds to alpha 1 receptor and causes vasoconstriction & Epi binds beta 2 and causes vasodilation

65
Q

Pharmacological aspect of receptors?

A

Stimulate B2 and inhibit A1

66
Q

Beta 1

A

Increased CO

Increased BP

67
Q

Alpha 1

A

Increased sodium reabsorption

Increased BP

68
Q

Beta 2

A

Increased renin

Decreased BP

69
Q

Renin cleaves?

A

Angiotensinogen to Ang1

70
Q

ACE cleaves?

A

Ang 1 to Ang 2

71
Q

Aldosterone is

A

Created from Ang 2 and causes sodium reabsorption and increased blood volume

72
Q

Increased blood pressure –> increased stretch receptors –> ?

A

Naturetic peptide –> Na and water ecretion

73
Q

What stimulates renin secretion?

A

Decreased NaCl
Decreased pressure or stretch
SNS stimulation

74
Q

What inhibits renin secretion?

A

Increased NaCl
Increased stretch
AngII

75
Q

How is renin secreted?

A

SNS innervates the juxtaglomerular cells which act on baroreceptors
Decreased Na to the distale tubule activates these cells

76
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Stretch receptors!!

77
Q

Increased sodium excretion leads to?

A

Slower flow so more can be reabsorbed

78
Q

Vascular relaxing factors?

A

NO

Prostaglandins

79
Q

Define Hypertensive vascular disease

A

Systole > 139

Diastole > 89

80
Q

Define essential HTN

A

Don’t know the cause

81
Q

Define secondary HTN

A

Related to a disease (CKD, tumor, etc)

82
Q

Risk Factors

A 
Age
Race
Obesity >30
High NaCl
Low Ca, K, D
Alcohol
Stress
Low physical activty
Family history
High cholesterol
Diabetes
83
Q

HTN doubles the risk of what CV diseases?

A 
Coronary heart disease
Congestive heart failure
Stroke
Renal failure
Peripheral arterial disease and aortic dissection
84
Q

Define Atherosclerosis

A

Wall thickens up in hyaline arteriolosclerosis

- Important bc they regulate blood pressure → changes to lumen to regulate the BP would not happen at all or very little

85
Q

Define Malignant HTN

A

Systole >200
Diastole >120
Leads to death within 1-2 yrs

86
Q

Malignant HTN leads to

A

brain edema, renal failure or hemorrhages

87
Q

Arterial HTN if left untreated will lead to death via

A

Ischemic heart disease
CHG
Stroke

Cardio Exam 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions