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Neurosurgical Review > Vascular Neurosurgery > Flashcards

Vascular Neurosurgery Flashcards

1
Q

Aneurysmal rebleed rate

A

0-24 h: 4%
0-2 wk: 20 %
0-6 mo: 50%
> 6 mo: 3%

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2
Q

Associated pathologies with aneurysmal formation

A

Hypertension
Endocarditis
Poly cystic kidney
Ehler-Donlas
Marfan syndrome
Moyamoya
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Aortic coarctation
AVM
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Vasculitis
NF1

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3
Q

ISUIA 1 (1 year rupture risk with unruptured aneurysm)

A

No previous bleed vs. previous bleed

0-10 mm: 0.05% vs 0.5%
10-24 mm: <1 % vs <1%
>24 mm: 6%

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4
Q

ISUIA 2 (Five-year rupture risk who is unruptured aneurysm)
CAVERNOUS ICA

A

<7 mm: 0%
7-12 mm: 0%
13-24 mm: 3%
>24 mm: 6.4%

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5
Q

ISUIA 2 (Five-year rupture risk who is unruptured aneurysm)
ANTERIOR CIRCULATION

A

<7 mm: 0% (1.5% if previous bleed)
7-12 mm: 2.6%
12-24 mm: 14.5%
>24 mm: 40%

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6
Q

ISUIA 2 (Five-year rupture risk who is unruptured aneurysm)
POSTERIOR CIRCULATION

A

<7 mm: 2.5% (3.5% if previous bleed)
7-12 mm: 14.5%
13-24 mm: 18.4%
>24 mm: 50%

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7
Q

% of aneurysm locations

A

30% Acom
25% Pcom
20% MCA bifurcation
8% ICA bifurcation
17% other locations

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8
Q

Imaging sensitivity CTA vs. MRI for aneurysm

A

> 5 mm : 95-100% vs 85-100%
<5 mm : 64-83% vs 56%

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9
Q

Fisher’s grade and vasospasm risk

A

Grade 1- No bleed (21%)
Grade 2- Diffuse or vertical layer < 1 mm thick (25 %)
Grade 3- Localized clot or vertical layer >1 mm thick (37 %)
Grade 4- ICH or IVH (31%)

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10
Q

Modified Fisher’s and Vasospasm risk

A

Grade 1: Focal or diffuse THIN SAH (24%)
Grade 2: Grade 1 + IVH (33%)
Grade 3: Focal of diffuse THICK SAH (33 %)
Grade 4: Grade 3 + IVH (40%)

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11
Q

What is Lindegaard’s ratio?

A

Velocity MCA:ICA
<3 : No vasospasm
3-6: Mild/moderate vasospasm
>6: Severe vasospasm

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12
Q

Mean MCA Velocity

A

<120 cm/s : No vasospasm
120-200 cm/s: Mild/moderate vasospasm
>200 cm/s: Severe vasospasm

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13
Q

Triple H therapy

A

Hypervolemia: CVP 10 cmH2O, P wedge 18 mmHg.
Hemodilution: Hct 30%
Hypertension: SBP up to 220 (in secured aneurysm)

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14
Q

ISAT trial primary outcome

A

Coiling is superior to clipping
At 1 year 24% of coiling patients were dependent/dead vs. 31% in clipping group (mRS 3-6)

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15
Q

Surgical options for fusiform aneurysm

A
  1. Wrapping
  2. Clip reconstruction
  3. Trapping (+/- distal revascularization)
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16
Q

How do you use PAPAVERINE for vessels in spasms.

A

Dip cottonoid with 30 mg in 9 ml saline, then place it on artery for 2 minutes.

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17
Q

What is Paine’s point

A

Used to do ventriculostomy to relax brain during aneurysmal clipping.
From sphenoid ridge: 2.5 cm up + 2.5 cm anterior.
4.5 cm deep

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18
Q

What is management of mycotic aneurysm

A

Antibiotics: IV for 6 wks then PO for 6 wks.

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19
Q

What is most common organism in mycotic aneurysm

A

Streptococcus viridan (44%)
Staph aureus (18%) : classic in endocarditis

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20
Q

AHA/ASA guidelines for spontaneous ICH

A

1.Hemostasis: correct coagulopathy.
2. DVT prophylaxis: intermittent pneumatic compression.
3. SBP< 140
4. Seizure control: patient with clinical seizures, patient with mental status change + seizures findings on EEG.

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21
Q

STICH 1

A

Inclusion criteria
Spontaneous ICH
-Arisen within 72 h
-At least 2 cm on CT scan
-GCS >=5/15
-No obvious underlying causes

Conclusion
Depends on ICH depth from cortical surface
>1cm or GCS <=8: surgical patients tend to do worse
<=1 cm: tend toward better outcomes but not significant.

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22
Q

STICH 2

A

Inclusion criteria
-ICH with 1 cm from cortical surface.
-ICH volume 10-100 ml
-Best GCS motor score 5-6 and eye score >= 2
-No IVH
-No obvious underlying cause.
-Presentation with 48h

Conclusion:
Possible survival advantage in early surgery (within 12 h) especially with GCS 9-12/5

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23
Q

Indications of stenting in carotid stenosis

A

-Contralateral ICA occlusion
-Hostile neck
-tandem lesion
-above C2
-medical comorbidities eg congestive heart failure, and stable, angina, recent myocardial infarction

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24
Q

Anterior choroidal artery stroke symptoms

A

3 H’s
Homonymous hemianopia
Hemianesthesia
Hemiparesis

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25
Q

Heubner artery stroke

A

Territory: Caudate + putamen, Anterior limb of IC

Symptoms: Aphasia, mild hemiparesis of face and arm

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26
Q

PICA stroke

A

Territory: lateral part of medulla

Symptoms: WALLENBERG SYNDROME
-Ipsilateral horner (descending sympathetic)
-Ipsilateral cerebellar signs (Inf cerebellar peduncle)
-Ipsilateral face sensory loss of pain and temperature (Spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract)
-Contralateral body sensory loss of pain and temperature (lateral spinothalamic tract)
-Dysphagia (Nucleus ambiguous)
-Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (Vestibular nuclei)

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27
Q

Basilar artery bifurcation or PCA

A

Territory: midbrain infarction

Weber’s syndrome
-Ipsilateral CN III palsy
-Contralateral hemiparesis

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28
Q

Symptoms of vertebral insufficiency

A

5 D’s

Dizziness
Decreased vision
Diplopia
Dysarthria
Drop attack

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29
Q

Contraindications for tPA in stroke

A

-Improving symptoms
-Heparin infusion within 48h
-GI or GU hemorrhage within past 21 days.
-Major surgery with past 14 days.
-ICH on CT/hx of ICH.
-Stroke or serious head injury in past 3 months.
-Arterial puncture at noncompressible in the previous 21 days.
-Thrombin inhibitors or Factor Xa inhibitors in the past 2 days.
-Sustained SBP > 185.
-Sustained DBP > 110.
-Serum glucose < 50 mg/dl or >400 mg/dl

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30
Q

Moyamoya disease presentation

A

Pediatric present with ISCHEMIC STROKE or TIA (80%)

Young adult present with HEMORRHAGE (60%)

Headache

Seizures

Neurological deficits or cognitive decline

Involvement of heart and kidney

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31
Q

What is findings of Moyamoya disease in DSA/MRI/CT

A

DSA: puff of smoke
MRI: Multiple flow-void in basal ganglia
CT: multiple punctate dots in basal ganglia

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32
Q

Suzuki stages of Moyamoya disease

A

I: bilateral stenosis of suprasellar ICA.
II: dilation of ACA, MCA, PCA, collateral vessels at brain base.
III: progression of ICA stenosis and moyamoya vessels.
IV: progressive occlusion of circle of Willis and PCA, reduction of moyamoya vessels, presence of extracranial collateral.
V: Worsening of stage IV:
VI: no major cerebral artery or moyamoya vessels, extensive collateral from ECA.

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33
Q

What are indications of surgical management in Moyamoya disease?

A

-Presence of mass effect from clot
-Suzuki stage II-IV
-Patients with recurrent or progressive ischemic events in good neurological condition

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34
Q

What is surgical treatment of choice in moyamoya disease

A

STA-MCA bypass (direct revascularization)

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35
Q

Timing of surgery for Moyamoya disease

A

> 2 m after the most recent symptomatic event

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36
Q

AVM risk of rupture/ year

A

2-4%

37
Q

ARUBA trial

A

Superiority of medical management over surgical management at follow up of 33.3 months

38
Q

What is “Normal pressure breakthrough”?

A

Failure of autoregulation in chronically dilated vessels of ischemic regions of brain. The increase in global perfusion pressure to normal level after resection of AVM is thought to result repressurization of previously hypotensive brain and cerebral hyperemia, swelling, or hemorrhaging

39
Q

American/English/French classification of spinal AVM

A

Type I: dural AVM, Loc fistula at dura (IA single feeder, IB >1 feeders)
Type II: glomus, Loc in spinal cord
Type III: Juvenile, Loc anywhere, causing scoliosis
Type IV: pial, Loc fistula on pia

40
Q

Merland’s sub classification of Type IV spinal AV fistula

A

I: Single thin ASA, small single AVF, slow venous drainage
II: multiple dilated ASA and PSA, multiple medium AVF, slow venous drainage.
III: multiple dilated ASA and PSA, single giant AVF, giant venous ectasia with rapid drainage

41
Q

Borden’s classification of dural AVF

A

1: Drainage into sinus only or meningeal vein
2: drainage into sinus and leptomeningeal vein
3: drainage into only leptomeningeal vein

42
Q

Cognard classification of DAVF

A

I: anterograde drainage to sinus
IIa: drainage into sinus with retrograde flow.
IIb: drainage into sinus with retrograde flow into cortical veins
IIa+b: drainage into sinus with retrograde flow to sinus and cortical veins.
III: Direct drainage to cortical veins without ectasia
IV: direct drainage to cortical veins with ectasia
V: Direct drainage to spinal perimedullary veins

43
Q

Barrow classification of CCF

A

A: direct, high flow = direct connection between ICA and cavernous sinus.
B: indirect, low flow = connection between ICA branches and cavernous sinus.
C: indirect, low flow = connection between ECA branches and cavernous sinus.
D: indirect, low flow = connection between ICA and ECA branches and the cavernous sinus

44
Q

Treatment of CCF

A

Type A (high flow): Transarterial ballon OR sacrifice ICA if patient tolerates

Types B,C,D (low flow):
Observe (50% resolve spontaneously) if: Normal CN and IOP < 25 mmHg OTHERWISE transvenous embolizatiom

45
Q

Images finding of cerebral arterial dissection

A

Angiogram: double lumen sign/ string sign
MRI: crescent sign

46
Q

Risk of seizures after SAH

A

20 %

47
Q

Types of ocular hemorrhage associated with SAH

A
  1. Subhyaloid (periretinal) hemorrhage
  2. intraretinal hemorrhage
  3. Hemorrhage with vitrous humor (Terson Syndrome)
48
Q

Risk of acute HCP in SAH

A

21%

49
Q

Criteria of infundibulum

A
  1. Triangular
  2. Widest portion < 3mm
  3. Vessels at apex
50
Q

Risk factors for post-SAH seizures

A

Age > 65
MCA aneurysm
Volume of SAH
Associated with ICH or SDH
Poor neurological grade
Rebleeding
Vasospasm
Hyponatremia
HCP
HTN
Infarction

51
Q

Time of vasospasm

A

Start at day 3
Peak day 6-8
Mean time of risk 3-14 days

52
Q

Follow up schedule for treated aneurysm

A

Coiled: 6 mo, 1.5 y, 3.5, y, every 5-10 years

Clipped: 1 y, 5 y, every 10 y thereafter

53
Q

Most common location of mycotic aneurysm

A

Distal MCA branches (75-80%)

54
Q

Causes of cortical SAH

A

Trauma (most common)
Pial AVM
DAVF
CVAD
Venous thrombosis
Vasculitis
RCVS
PRES
Cerebral amyloid angiography
Coagulopathy
Brain tumors

55
Q

Perimesencephalic SAH criteria

A

1.CT or MRI done < 2 days meeting the following:
-Epicenter of hemorrhage immediately anterior to brainstem.
-there may be extention to ant part of ambient cis or basal part of sylvian fissure.
-absence of complete filling of anterior interhemispheric fissure.
-no more than minute amount of blood in lateral portion of sylvian fissure.
-absence of frank IVH

  1. Negative 4 vessels cerebral angiogram

3.Appropriate clinical picture: no LOC, no H/A, SAH grade 1 or 2 (H&H or WFNS) and no drug use

56
Q

AVM presentation

A

Hemorrhage- 58%
Seizures-34 %
Reminders - 8% : mass effect, headache, ischemia, bruit, increased ICP

57
Q

Hemorrhage location with IVM

A

ICH - 82%
IVH : usually accompanied with ICH, pure IVH indicated intraventricular AVM
SAH
SDH

58
Q

% Of aneurysm in AVM patients

A

7%

59
Q

AVM surgery basics

A
  1. Wide exposure
  2. Isolate and occlude feeding arteries before draining veins.
  3. Excision of whole nidus is necessary to prevent rebleeding.
  4. Identify and spare vessels of passage and adjacent arteries.
  5. Dissect directly on nidus, work on sulci and fissures whenever possible
  6. Consider pre op embolization in high flow lesions
  7. Lesions with supply from multiple vascular territories may require staging
60
Q

Cause of Delayed post op deterioration after AVM resection

A
  1. Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough.
  2. Occlusive hyperemia: due to obstruction outflow from adjacent normal brain.
  3. Rebleeding from retained nidus.
  4. Seizures
61
Q

What are the most common regions for DVA

A
  1. Area supplied by MCA.
  2. Region of VOG
62
Q

Presentation of cavernous malformations

A

Seizures (50%)
Hemorrhage (25%)
Focal neurological deficits (25%)

63
Q

Subtypes of cavernous malformations

A

CMM1:
Locus: 7q11-q22 - Gene: KRIT1

CMM2
Locus: 7p15-13 - Gene: MGC4607

CMM3
Locus: 3q25.2-q27 - Gene: PDCD10

64
Q

Risk of hemorrhage in cavernous malformations

A

-CMs initially presented with hge
-Brainstem CMs
-Familial CMs
-Multiple CMs

65
Q

Risk of seizures in cavernous malformations

A

5-year risk of first time seizure

6% in CM presenting with symptoms
4% in incidental CMs

66
Q

MRI sequences and finding in cavernous malformations

A

Gradient-echo T2WI
SWI

Findings
Mixed signal core with low signal rim, sometimes described as “popcorn appearance”.

67
Q

Indications of surgery in cavernous malformations

A

-Solitary asymptomatic CMs if easily accessible and not in eloquent area to prevent hemorrhage
-Early CM resection < 6 weeks from hemorrhage in patients with seizures.
-symptomatic easily accessible CMs.
-Deep CMs if symptomatic or after prior hemorrhage.
-after a second symptomatic bleed in a brainstem CMs.

68
Q

Overall risk of death or nonfatal stroke after resection of incidental CM

A

6%

69
Q

Most common location for DAVF

A

Transverse/sigmoid sinus (63%)

70
Q

Theories of DAVF formation

A
  1. Venous sinus occlusion awakens dominant embryonic dural arteriovenous channels.
  2. venous hypertension/thrombosis promotes local angiogenesis and the de novo formation of the DAVF.
  3. The DAVF may arise first and itself result in venous sinus thrombosis.
71
Q

Presentation of DAVF

A

Pulsatile tinnitus (92%)
occipital bruit. (89%)
headache (41%)
Visual impairment (33%)
Papilledema (26%)

72
Q

Indications for intervention in DAVF

A
  1. Presence of cortical venous drainage.
  2. Neurologic dysfunction.
  3. Hemorrhage.
  4. Orbital venous congestion
  5. Refractory symptoms.
73
Q

What are the 2 locations are more favorable for surgery in DAVF

A
  1. Anterior fossa/ethmoidal
  2. Tentorial DAVFs
74
Q

True VOG malformations fed from which arteries

A

Medial and lateral choroidal
Circumferential
Mesencephalic
Anterior choroidal
Percallosal
Meningeal

75
Q

Yasargil Classification of VOGM

A

I - Pure internal fistula: single or multiple.
II - Fistula between thalamoperforator and the VOG
III -Mixed form: the most common
IV - Plexiform AVM

76
Q

Lasjaunias et al classification of VOMG

A
  1. Choroidal type (Yasargil I,II,III)
  2. Mural type (Yasargil IV)
77
Q

VOGM common presentation depending on age

A

Prenatal: cardiac decompensation and/or hydrops
Neonates: congestive heart failure
Infants: cyanotic heart failure, seizures, encephalomalacia
Late childhood: HCP, seizures, developmental delay, dilated facial veins

78
Q

Collateral circulation for ICA stenosis

A
  1. Flow through the circle of Willis.
  2. Retrograde flow through ophthalmic artery.
  3. Proximal maxillary artery.
  4. Cortical cortical anastomosis
  5. Dural leptomeningeal anastomosis
79
Q

Collateral circulation for vertebral artery stenosis

A
  1. ECA through occipital artery
  2. Thyroxervical trunk
  3. Contralateral VA
80
Q

Collateral circulation for basilar artery occlusion

A
  1. Posterior communicating artery
  2. Anastomosis between PCA and PICA
81
Q

PCA occlusion syndrome

A
  1. Unilateral occipital loop infarction.
  2. Balint syndrome.
  3. Cortical blindness (anton syndrome)
  4. Weber syndrome.
  5. Alexia without agraphia.
  6. Thalamic pain syndrome.
82
Q

What branch of PCA supplies thalamus and midbrain.

A

Artery of Percheron

83
Q

Criteria for clinical diagnosis of VBI

A

2 or more of the following:

-Motor or sensory symptoms or both occurring bilaterally in the same event.
-Diplopia: ischemia of upper brainstem (midbrain) near ocular nuclei.
-Dysarthria: ischemia of lower brainstem.
-homonymous hemianopsia: ischemia of occipital cortex.

84
Q

Appearance of thrombosed sinuses on MRI at various stages

A

Acute (0-7d): T1 iso T2 hypo
Subacute: T1 hyper T2 hyper
Late: T1 Black (flow void) T2 black (flow void)

85
Q

The yearly risk of rupture of cavernous malformation

A

0.5-1% it

86
Q

Ottawa SAH rule

A

Age > 40 years
Neck pain or stiffness
witnessed loss of consciousness
Onset during exertion
Thunderclap headache
Limited neck flexion on exam

87
Q

H&H grade mortality

A

1 : 11%
2 : 26%
3 : 37%
4 : 71%
5 : 100%

88
Q

Risk of vasospasm in H&H

A

1: 22%
2: 33%
3: 52%
4: 53%
5: 74%

89
Q

Spetzler Ponce classification of AVM

A

Class A
- Spetzler-Martin score 1 or 2.
- Microsurgical resection is preferred treatment.
- 8% chance on postoperative deficit (95 % CI= 6-10).

Class B
- Spetzler-Martin score 3
- Multimodality treatment
- 18 % chance on postoperative deficit (95 % CI= 15-22)

Class C
- Spetzler-Martin score 4-5
- No treatment, with exception of recurrent hemorrhages, progressive
neurological deficits, steal-related symptoms, and AVM-related aneurysm
-32 % chance on postoperative deficit (95 % CI = 27-38)

Neurosurgical Review (7 decks)

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