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Vascular Final Review > Vascular final review > Flashcards

Vascular final review Flashcards

1
Q

(Vessel wall)
Tunica externa

A

AKA, Tunica adventitia. the outer layer made of connective tissue.

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2
Q

(Vessel wall)
Tunica media

A

Middle layer. This layer is thicker and more contractile in arteries than in veins.

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3
Q

(Vessel wall)
Tunica intima

A

The inner lining of the arterial wall, thinnest layer, comprised of a single layer of endothelium supported by a subendothelial layer.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the Vasa Vasorum

A

To provide nourishment to the tunica adventitia. Larger arteries and veins that contain small blood vessels within their walls

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5
Q

The ability of a vessel to store potential energy.

A

How much it expands (compliance). its ability to recoil (capacitance)

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6
Q

Which is naturally more compliant. Veins or arteries

A

Veins are naturally more compliant than arteries (they expand more)
*Arteries exhibit more capacitance than veins (they recoil more)

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7
Q

Vasodilation

A

increase in blood flow in response to demand

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in blood flow in response to lower blood pressure

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9
Q

Vessels that regulate blood flow, also called resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

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10
Q

(Hemodynamics)
Laminar Flow

A

Layered manner in which blood flow courses within an arterial. Seen in most arteries

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11
Q

(Hemodynamics)
Turbulent flow

A

Turbulent flow occurs both in normal and abnormal conditions. Blood flow is disrupted and no longer flows in smooth layers and is instead considered chaotic and unorganized

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12
Q

Pressure gradients
increase when flow
increases or resistance
increases. T/F

A

(True)

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13
Q

ENERGY IS
LOST THROUGHOUT THE BODY DURING
EACH CARDIAC
CYCLE. T/F

A

(True)

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14
Q

Measure of the resistance of blood to flow. Described as the thickness and stickiness of blood

A

Blood Viscosity

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15
Q

Relationship between Diameter and Velocity

A

As the diameter decreases the velocity increase. As the diameter increases the velocity decrease

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16
Q

What describes the relationship between volume flow (Q), pressure (P), and
resistance (R).

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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17
Q

The pressure at a stenosis is less than the pressure proximal and distal to the stenotic area.

A

Bernoulli Principle

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18
Q

The amount of fluid moving past a point at a specific time is known as

A

volumetric flow rate

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19
Q

Compared to the arteries, veins have?

A

More collagen and elastic fibers than muscle fibers

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20
Q

What factor has the greatest influence on flow resistance?

A

Vessel radius

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21
Q

On which axis on the spectral display is time displayed?

A

x-axis

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22
Q

(Viscosity)
If resistance increases, what happens to flow?

A

decreases

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23
Q

The movement of blood flow is what type of energy?

A

Kinetic Energy

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24
Q

Helical flow (eddy currents) with flow separation on the wall away from the flow divider is a sign of?

A

Normal flow dynamics

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25
Q

The physical principles associated with the study of blood circulation are termed:

A

hemodynamics

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26
Q

Peripheral resistance (downstream at the arterial bed) is controlled by?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the arterioles

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27
Q

The Reynolds number describes the?

A

Point at which resistance to flow becomes turbulent

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28
Q

If the viscosity of blood increases, what happens to resistance?

A

increases

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29
Q

The ability of veins to accommodate large shifts in volume with only limited changes in venous pressure is known as?

A

Compliance

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30
Q

Flow characterized by multiple velocity and direction components is called:

A

turbulent flow

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31
Q

What does the number 2000 represent in the formula for Reynolds number?

A

Turbulent flow

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32
Q

The smallest vessels in the body are?

A

Capillaries

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33
Q

According to Poiseuille’s law, what would occur to the pressure gradient across an arterial segment in which the radius has been reduced by one-half?

A

It would increase

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34
Q

Constant flow velocity across the vessel is termed:

A

Laminar Flow

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35
Q

During systole, a nonrigid arterial wall will expand and in diastole it recoils. This is known as:

A

Capacitance

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36
Q

The energy of something in motion is termed?

A

Kinetic Energy

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37
Q

Within the circulatory system, pressure differences and flow rate are:

A

directly related

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38
Q

What must be present in order for flow to occur?

A

pressure gradient

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39
Q

What is the Doppler effect?

A

A change in the frequency in the detected wave when the source or the detector is
moving

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40
Q

What is the difference between the gradient during systole and
diastole?

A

During systole the gradient is larger
During diastole, the gradient is smaller

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41
Q

What does the abbreviation ALARA stand for?

A

As low as reasonable achievable

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42
Q

Which setting produces the most heat out of M mode, color Doppler and pulsed
wave Doppler

A

Pulsed wave doppler

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43
Q

What must sound travel through

A

Medium

44
Q

What does sound NOT travel through?

A

Vaccum

45
Q

Absorption increases with

A

Frequency

46
Q

How much energy of the sound wave is lost due to the absorption

A

80%

47
Q

What happens to the pressure level during a stenosis

A

Decreases

48
Q

The difference between the pressure within the vein (intramural) and the tissue pressure outside the vein (interstitial)

A

Transmural Pressure

49
Q

Which of the following causes the veins to lose their elliptical shape and become more circular?

A

increased transmural pressure

50
Q

With laminar flow in a straight vessel, what part of the flow is said to be fastest?

A

In the center of the stream

51
Q

A 50 % reduction in diameter is equal to what percent reduction in area?

A

75%

52
Q

The difference in pressure within the vein and the tissue pressure outside the vein is due to?

A

Transmural pressure

53
Q

The total energy of the vascular system has two primary components, which are

A

Potential and kinetic energy

54
Q

Anterior is defined as

A

Toward the front

55
Q

The term “muscle pump” refers to

A

The calf muscles

56
Q

According to the Bernoulli principle, if the velocity of blood goes up, what must happen?

A

There must be a pressure decrease

57
Q

Peripheral resistance is controlled by:

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the arterioles

58
Q

Blood within the pulmonary veins

A

Contains high oxygen content and flows into the left atrium

59
Q

Which of the following is the body plane that separates the body into superior and inferior sections?

A

Transverse

60
Q

What is the effect of inspiration on venous flow in the lower extremities?

A

Venous flow in the lower extremities stops during inspiration and returns during expiration.

61
Q

In the vascular system, which are the main two factors that result in “energy losses”

A

Friction and Viscosity

62
Q

Intra-abdominal pressure is decreased with:

A

expiration

63
Q

A doubling in the length of a stenosis results in:

A

A 2-fold increase in energy losses across the stenosis

64
Q

At any moment, how much of the body’s blood volume is found in the veins?

A

60%–75%

65
Q

Anechoic describes a region which

A

Does not return any echoes

66
Q

The type of pressure that is greatly influenced by gravity is

A

hydrostatic pressure

67
Q

The greatest inertial energy losses occur

A

….as blood exits a stenosis

68
Q

A venule contains which vessel layers?

A

Tunica adventitia, tunica media and tunica intima

69
Q

Which term is not a component within the definition of Poiseuille law?

A

Inertia

70
Q

Nutrient and waste exchange occur in which blood vessel?

A

Capillaries

71
Q

Which plane splits the body into anterior and posterior sections?

A

Coronal

72
Q

Venous pressure and flow are affected by

A

Velocity of the blood

73
Q

The abbreviation PSV stands for:

A

Peak systolic velocity

74
Q

A critical stenosis is where

A

Both pressure and flow decrease

75
Q

The gravitational weight of a column of blood that extends from the heart to a level where blood pressure is determined is

A

hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

Which position would result in the greatest hydrostatic pressure?

A

Standing

77
Q

`Why would an incorrect placement of a sample volume cause a difference in measured velocity?

A

A parabolic blood flow profile means that the blood flow at the edges of the vessel lumen will be slower than the layers towards the middle due to friction

77
Q

A noise that is produced by the vibrations of the surrounding tissues as the result of turbulence in the artery that is commonly heard with a hemodynamically significant stenosis is known as

A

A bruit

78
Q

What percentage of blood flow does the ICA (internal carotid artery supply to the brain?

A

70% TO 80%

79
Q

The intimal media thickness (IMT) should be reported when it is?

A

abnormally thick > 1mm

80
Q

Which ICA distortion is most often associated with symptoms of cerebral ischemia?

A

Kinking

81
Q

What is the maximum recommended Thermal index in soft tissue (TIS) that is in keeping with ALARA principles

A

1.0

82
Q

The innominate artery gives rise to which two arteries?

A

Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

83
Q

Low diastolic flow in a vessel results in?

A

High resistive index

84
Q

The arteries that originate from the proximal subclavian arteries and course along the posterior aspect of both sides of the neck are the

A

Vertebral arteries

85
Q

A tiny ovoid structure 1 to 1.5 mm in size located in the adventitia of the carotid bifurcation is?

A

Carotid Body

86
Q

Greater than 50% of bifurcations of the carotid artery are higher on?

A

Left side

87
Q

Which vessel normally supplies NO blood to the brain?

A

ECA

88
Q

What is the most common area for atherosclerotic disease in the extracranial arteries?

A

Proximal internal carotid

89
Q

The vertebral arteries join to form which vessel intracranially?

A

Basilar artery

90
Q

What type of waveform would you most likely expect to see distal to a 80% to 99% stenosis?

A

Tardus-parvus waveform

91
Q

If the carotid artery blood flow is expected to be 70 - 80 cm/s the velocity range covered by the color map should be set at?

A

30 - 40 cm/s

92
Q

The first branch off the external carotid artery is

A

Superior thyroid artery

93
Q

The first branch off the internal carotid artery is the

A

Ophthalmic artery

94
Q

A patient having a carotid duplex examination has the following velocities obtained. What is your diagnosis?

A

Greater than 70% stenosis

95
Q

What maneuver produces fluctuations in the spectral waveform of the external carotid artery?

A

Temporal artery tap

96
Q

A 50 % reduction in diameter is equal to what percent reduction in area?

A

75%

97
Q

Collateral flow has a better chance of developing adequately in persons with?

A

slowly evolving atherosclerotic occulsions

98
Q

The most common variant of the Aortic Arch is?

A

Bovine arch/common origin

99
Q

Homogenous plaque can be described as

A

Uniform echo pattern

100
Q

The index most often used during pregnancy to determine high risk is?

A

Systolic/Diastolic (S/D) ratio

101
Q

Which of the following becomes an extracranial to intracranial collateral route in the presence of significant ICA disease

A

Ophthalmic arteries via ECA branches

102
Q

A bright yellow spot noted within a branch artery upon ophthalmologic examination is called?

A

Hollenhorst plaque

103
Q

The maximal post-stenotic flow disturbance (turbulence) occurs?

A

within 1 cm past the stenosis

104
Q
A

Vascular Final Review (1 decks)

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