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CVS-charis > Vascular Endothelium > Flashcards

Vascular Endothelium Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

Which are the exceptions

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

capillaries and venules

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2
Q

What does tunica intima consist of?

A 
Lamina propria(smooth muscle and connective tissue)
Internal elastic membrane
It is the endothelium of blood vessles
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3
Q

What does tunica media consist of?

A

External elastic membrane

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

What does tunica adventitia consist of?

A

Nerve

Vasa vasorum

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5
Q

What is the function of the vascular endothelium?

A

It separates blood from other tissues

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6
Q

How thick is the vascular endothelium and what is it formed by?

A

One cell deep, formed by a monolayer of endothelial cells

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7
Q

Life span and proliferation rate of endothelial cells + which is the exception in the proliferation rate

A

Long life
Low proliferation rate
Angiogenesis –> increase in proliferation rate

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8
Q

What is the function of endothelial cells? (4)

A 
They regulate functions of blood vessles:
Angiogenesis
Thrombosis + haemostasis
Inflammation
Vascular tone and permeability
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9
Q

List endothelial dysfunctions in atherosclerosis (5)

A
  1. Leukocyte recruitment
  2. Permeability
  3. Blood flow
  4. Angiogenesis
  5. Senescence
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10
Q

Where do leukocytes adhere in inflammation?

A

To the endothelium of post-capillary venules and transmigrate into tissues

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11
Q

Where do leukocytes adhere in atherosclerosis?

A

To activated endothelium of large arteries and get stuck in the subendothelial space

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12
Q

Where do leukocytes gt stuck in the sub-endothelial space and why?

A

Between basement membrane and tunica media because they can’t chew through tunica media

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13
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane and pericapillary cells (perycites)

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14
Q

Structure of post-capillary venule

A

Similar to capillaries but more pericytes

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15
Q

Strucure of an artery

A

3 thick layers (tunica adventitia, media, intima) rich in cells and extracellular matrix

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16
Q

Result of increased permeability of endothelium?

A

Leakage of plasma proteins through the junctions into the subendothelial space

17
Q

Characteristics of laminar flow? (2)

A
  1. Streamlined

2. Outermost layer moving slowest and center moving fastest

18
Q

Characteristics of distributed flow? (3)

A
  1. Interrupted
  2. Rate of flow exceeds critical velocity
  3. Fluid passes a constricton, sharp turn, rough surface
19
Q

Where does atherosclerosis mostly occur?

A

At branchpoints where there is disturbed flow

20
Q

Advantages of laminar flow (4)

A

Promotes:

  1. anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory factors
  2. endothelial survival
  3. NO production
  4. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation
21
Q

Disadvantages of disturbed flow (3)

A

Promotes:

  1. Coagulation,leukocyte adhesion
  2. Endothelial apoptosis
  3. loss of NO production
  4. SMC proliferation
22
Q

Effects of NO on endothelium (6)

A
  1. Dilation of blood vessels
  2. Reduces oxidation of LDL
  3. Reduces release of superoxide radicals
  4. Reduces proliferation of SMC in the vessel wall
  5. Inhibits monocyte adhesion
  6. Reduces platelet activation
23
Q

Define epigenetics

A

functionally relevant inheritable changes to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, wich affect gene expression

24
Q

List 3 key epigenetic mechanisms

A

DNA methylation
Histones modification
miRNA

25
Q

Which is the main trigger for angiogenesis?

A

Hypoxia

26
Q

How does blood flow regulate epigenetic pathways in endothelial cells?

A

Laminar flow: Downregulates DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), allows antiathreogenic genes to be expressed (e.g. KLF4, HOX45)

Disturbed flow: Upregulates DNMT expression, represses expresson of antiatherogenic genes

27
Q

Definition of angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels by sprouting of pre-existing blood vessels

28
Q

How does angiogenesis promote plaque growth?

A

Plaque grown in sub-endothelium
Hypoxic environment
produces pro-angiogenic signals
new vessels are formed that promote plaque growth

29
Q

Define cellular senescence

A

growth arrest that halts the proliferation of ageing and or damaged cells

30
Q

Disadvantage and advantage of senescence

A

Disadvantage: senescent cells are pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic
Advantage: prevents transmission of damage to daughter cells

31
Q

What is β-gal?

A

Specific marker acquired by senescent cells

32
Q

What can induce endothelial cell senescence?

A

CV risk factors such as oxidative stress

33
Q

Where are senescent endothelial cells found?

A

In atherosclerotic lesions

CVS-charis (7 decks)

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