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Cardio Yr 2 > Vascular endothelium > Flashcards

Vascular endothelium Flashcards

1
Q

three layers for blood vessels except capillaries + venules

A

tunica advenitia
tunica media
tunica intima

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2
Q

tunica intima

A

endothelium

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3
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

tunica adventitia

A

nerves, vaso vasorum (small blood vessels)

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5
Q

How are capillaries + venules different in structure

A

only formed by endothelium (one cell thick)

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6
Q

other function of microvascular endothelium

A

promotes tissue homeostasis

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7
Q

how does miscorvascular endothelium promote tissue homeostasis

A

release angiocrine factors

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8
Q

What can dysfunctional endothelium contribute to

A

ischemia
chronic inflammatory disease
cancer
diabetes

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9
Q

three types of vessels

A

non-fenestrated
fenestrated
discontinuous

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10
Q

non-fenestrated

A

blood brain barrier/ muscle/ lung/ skin

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11
Q

fenestrated

A

GI tract/ kidney glomerulus

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12
Q

discontinuous

A

liver/ sinus

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13
Q

Features of the endothelium

A

Very large SA
Monolayer of endothelial cells (contact inhibition)
Endothelial cells - long life _ low proliferation rate

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14
Q

What do endothelial cells do?

A 
Control multiple functions of blood vessels:
vascular tone
permeability
inflammation
thrombosis
angiogenesis

Provide angiocrine signals essentials for tissue homeostasis

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15
Q

How are endocrine cells heterogeneous

A

their function and phenotype depend on their location

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16
Q

what happens during the resting endothelium

A

anti- factors are switched on (eg. anti-inflammatory/ anti-thrombotic etc)

17
Q

what happens during the active endothelium

A

pro- factors are switched on (eg. pro- inflammatory/ pro-thrombotic etc)

18
Q

What contributes to the development of artherosclerosis

A

Chronic activation of pro-factors

19
Q

What 4 factors lead to atherosclerotic plaque

A

Leukocyte recruitment
permeability
shear stress
angiogenesis

20
Q

Formation of complicated lesion in artherosclerosis?

A

Macrophage accumulate and form a necrotic core + angiogenesis

21
Q

How does leukocyte recruitment contribute to atherosclerosis

A

Normally takes place during inflammation - adhere to endothelium of post-capillary venules + transmigrate into tissues
In atherosclerosis = leukocytes adhere to activated endothelium of large arteries + get stuck in sub-endothelial space as they cannot transmigrate = contribute to plaque formation

22
Q

How does increased permeability contribute to atherosclerosis

A

endothelium becomes leaky when inflamed = lipoproteins slip through and become oxidised = forms foam fat cells
(fatty streak formation)

23
Q

How does shear stress/ blood flow contribute to atherosclerosis

A

plaques occur preferentially at bifurcations/ curvatures in vascular network (blood flow is not laminar there = non uniform/ low wall shear stress so more stagnant and less anti-thrombotic)

24
Q

Blood flow and NO link?

A

Disturbed flow causes loss of No production (essential for health of CV system - vasodilation/ platelet activation etc)

25
Q

How does angiogenesis contribute to atherosclerosis

A

Formation of new vessels by sprouting from existing vessels - promotes plaque growth but also prevents damage post- ischaemia (bypass occlusions)

26
Q

How is thrombosis related to endothelium damage

A

Loss of normal anti-thrombotic + anti-inflammatory functions of healthy endothelium eads to thrombosis and associated inflammation (thromboinfalmmation)

27
Q

How has the endothelium contribute to severe COVID-19?

A

endothelial cells contribute to the initiation + propagation of severe COVID-19 (infection causes endothelial activation which promotes inflammation)

28
Q

How can the endothelium be used to prevent disease

A

drugs that prevent or reverse endothelial dysfunction can be used to benefit many diseases eg. severe COIVID-19

Cardio Yr 2 (2 decks)

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