Vascular disorder

Question 1

what is blood pressure?

Answer 1

the product of CO x PVR
CO=SV x HR

Question 2

what is HTN?

Answer 2

BP = > 120/80

Question 3

_____ HTN is not caused by a pre-existing condition _______ is caused by a condition

Answer 3

essential htn= no pre condition
secondary= co morbitiy

Question 4

who is at risk for essential HTN

Answer 4

• genetics
• african americans
• hyperlipidemia
• overweight or obese
• alcoholism
  -stress

Question 5

who is at risk for secondary hypertension

Answer 5

• kidney dx
• cushing’s dx
• coarctation of the aorta
• brain tumor
• encephalitis
• pregnancy
• medications (HRT, steroids)
• pheochromocytoma

Question 6

pathophysiology of hypertension

Answer 6

continuous BP elevation causes Medial hyperplasia (thickening) of the arterioles; increase thickening causes decreased perfusion = end organ damage (heart, brain, kidneys)

Question 7

abnormal organ system complications from hypertension

Answer 7

• MI, CVA, PVD, RF

Question 8

what type of hypertension is indicated by
- managed outpatient
- managed with oral medications
- acute or chronic

Answer 8

hypertension urgency

Question 9

a patient with symptoms of end organ damage like MI, ARF/ARI, chest pain, stroke this is most likely what type of hypertension

Answer 9

hypertension emergency

Question 10

what will the nurse expect for a patient who is in HTN emergency

Answer 10

• expect ICU admission
• IV medications
• tx evolving symptoms

Question 11

Long term Heart failure treatment includes

Answer 11

• BNP MONITORING
• daily weight
• low fat, low Na diet (2g)
• diuretics, ACE, ARB, CCB, BB, maybe Digoxin

Question 12

arteriosclerosis

Answer 12

-> thickening/hardening of arterial walls

Question 13

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

thickening of the arterial walls by plaque formation on vessel walls that obstructs normal blood flow

Question 14

who is at risk for atherosclerosis

Answer 14

low HDL & high LDL
genetics
AA or hispanics
obesity
stress
smoking

Question 15

which type of atherosclerosis is less likely to rupture why?

Answer 15

stable is less likely to rupture because the plaque builds up over time, if it does then thrombosis causes inadequate perfusion.

Question 16

assessment for atherosclerosis

Answer 16

• BP in both arms
• palpate all major pulses
• temperature of extremities
• bilateral cap refill
• bruits

Question 17

peripheral arterial disease is the _________ type of PVD, and is a ________ result of systemic _______

Answer 17

• most common type
• chronic result
• systemic atherosclerosis

Question 18

manifestations of PAD

Answer 18

• hair loss on lower legs/ foot
• dry, scaly, dusky, pale , mottled
• thickened toenails
• cold, cyanotic, or darkened severed PAD
• clean approximated edges not draining ulcers
• pallor with leg elevation

Question 19

where can you assess for color changes in darker-skinned patients

Answer 19

soles of the feet, palms, nails bed – whole foot might turn a grayish color

Question 20

inflow obstruction is ________ to the aorta and __________ arteries, but above _________ arteries.

Answer 20

inflow obstruction is distal to the aorta and common internal external iliac arteries and above the inguinal ligament arteries.

Question 21

outflow obstruction includes which arteries

Answer 21

arteries distal to the superficial femoral artery:
femoral, popliteal, tibial

Question 22

signs to recognize outflow PAD

Answer 22

• burning/ cramping in legs, feet, toes, ankles, calves
  pain is coming from ischemia (no o2) to the tissues

Question 23

STAGES OF PAD

Answer 23

I- asymptomatic
II claudication
III rest pain
IV gangrene/necrosis

Question 24

Stage II : Claudication

Answer 24

claudication = ischemia pain when walking
- relieved at rest

Question 25

if a dependent position like hanging foot off bed relieves the pain of PAD while at rest this is stage

Answer 25

stage III