Vascular Disease Prevention/Risk Flashcards
What is the best predictor of atherosclerosis?
..
Best predictor of CVD death?
..
CVD starts when?
In utero (if the mom has high cholesterol) It becomes gradually worsened throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Epidemiology of heart disease in Canada?
Mortality rates from CVD has gone down since 1960. Then, 2/3 of people died within a year after heart attack. Today, the one year mortality is only about 5%, if you are under 70. However, the burden of disease is increasing.
How many new strokes and heart attacks occur here each year?
50,000 strokes 70,000 MIs
What is the number one killer in the world?
CVD
What is primordial prevention?
How we prevent CVD in utero, as a young child, and up until school. How we prevent the disease occurring
Primary prevention?
Once a person has the risk factors, how do we prevent them having an event
What is exposure? What is susceptibility?
Exposure - reactive oxygen species that can cause damage in the arteries Susceptibility - how likely you are to get a disease based on genetics CVD = Exposure + Susceptibility
What is the primary buffer/anti-oxidant that helps our arteries?
NADPH
How did Winston Churchill live to be 90 and maintain physical fitness, despite high stress and unhealthy habits?
He walked at least 1-2 hours every single day.
What percent of people die within 5 minutes of the first symptoms of their first heart attack?
At least 40-50% of people
Glagov’s Model?
The disease starts not in the donut hole of the artery, but in the walls of the donut. The plaques in the donut walls can rupture, andform a blood clot which occludes blood flow.
What are the big 4 risk factors for CVD?
Diabetes Dyslipidemia Hypertension Smoking Determined by the Framingham Atherosclerosis Study
After which BP does the incidence of cardiovascular events go up?
115/75
What causes more deaths worldwide: starvation or overabundance?
Overabundance
What are the 3 emerging risk factors for vascular disease?
Sedentary behaviour
Obesity
Trans-fats
What are the 3 predictors of susceptibility to heart disease?
Age (older puts you at risk)
Gender (men earlier than women)
Genetics
Why do we get calcification of the arteries?
Calcium is deposited in response to chronic inflammation, and in the coronary arteries, plaque accumulation causes this.
How far does the average american walk in one week?
less than 1 km!
Approximately 800 m
What foods are inflammatory?
Red meat
Trans fats
Refined sugars
Alcohol
Processed foods
What is the treatment target for HTN?
What is the treatment target for dyslipidemia?
What is the treatment target for blood glucose?
What is cardiac rehab?
What are the goals of cardiac rehab?
What are the components of primordial prevention?
Prenatal health
Physical activity
Nutrition
Community health
These all help to prevent the beginnings of CVD
What is PCSK-9?
It is an enzyme encoded by the PCSK9 gene in humans. PCSK9 binds to the receptor for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
What is a Bayesian Analysis?
What is a Framingham Risk score?
What is an Exercise Stress Test?
What is a Duke Treadmill Score?
Prognostic score for CVD
