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MD3001 - Cardiology Disease and Pathology > Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is vascular disease of the arteries?

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

What is vascular disease of the veins?

A

Phlebothrombosis

Thrombophlebitis

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3
Q

What can cause vascular disease in all vessels?

A

Vasculitis
Radiation damage
Tumours

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4
Q

What are the main age related vascular changes?

A

Fibrosis of intimacy and media
Accumulation of ground substance
Fragmentation of elastic lamellae

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5
Q

What is ground substance?

A

amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin

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6
Q

What vessels does atherosclerosis affect?

A

large and medium sized muscular and elastic arteries

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of atherosclerosis?

A

lipid deposition
fibrosis
chronic inflammation

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8
Q

What are the main risk factors of atherosclerosis/vascular disease?

A

Unmodifiable: Age, Sex, Genetics
Modifiable: hypertension, hyperlipideamia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

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9
Q

What is the morphology of an atheromatous plaque?

A

Patchy and raised white to yellow
Core of lipid
Fibrous cap

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10
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

atheroma of distal aorta/iliac/femoral arteries

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11
Q

What does peripheral vascular disease cause?

A

ischaemia of the lower limbs

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12
Q

What are the effects of peripheral vascular disease?

A

Intermittent claudication (pain in calf while exercising)
Pain
Ulcers
Gangrene

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13
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart

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14
Q

What are the main types of aneurysm?

A 
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Berry
Micro-aneurysms
Syphilitic
Mycotic
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15
Q

Where are atherosclerotic aneurysms usually found?

A

abdominal aorta distal to renal arteries

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16
Q

Who are atherosclerotic aneurysms more common in?

A

Men

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17
Q

What is the morphology of atherosclerotic aneurysms

A

Saccular or fusiform (more common)
15-25cm in length
Wall diameter exceeds 50%
Frequently contains mural thrombus

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18
Q

How are atherosclerotic aneurysms diagnosed?

A

ultrasound

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19
Q

What are the clinical features of atherosclerotic aneurysms

A 
Thrombosis
Embolism
Rupture
Obstruction of a branch vessel (ischaemic injury)
Impingement on an adjacent structure
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20
Q

What is the presentation of atherosclerotic aneurysms

A

abdominal pulsating mass

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21
Q

Who are dissecting aortic aneurysms more likely in?

A

x3 more likely in men than women aged 40-60 with hypertension
Younger patients with systemic or localised abnormalities of CT

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22
Q

Morphology of dissecting aortic aneurysms

A

1-2cm from aortic valve

Dissection can extend along aorta in retrograde OR distally sometimes into iliac and femoral arteries

23
Q

Clinical symptoms of dissecting aortic aneurysms

A

Sudden onset of excruciating chest pain
Begins the in anterior chest radiating to the back between the scapulae and moving downward as the dissection progresses; the pain can be confused with that of MI

24
Q

What is the most common cause of death in dissecting aortic aneurysms

A

Rupture of the dissection outward into the pericardial, pleural or peritoneal cavities

25
Q

Where are berry aneurysms found?

A

Circle of Willis in the brain

26
Q

Who are berry aneurysms most likely to occur in?

A

Younger people

Often hypertensive

27
Q

What are berry aneurysms associated with?

A

sub-arachnoid haemmorhage

28
Q

What are capillary micro-aneurysms associated with?

A

hypertension
diabetes mellitus
intra-cerebral haemorrhage

29
Q

What are capillary micro-aneurysms?

A

small aneurysms of branches of the middle vertebral artery

30
Q

What do syphilitic aneurysms affect?

A

thoracic aorta

31
Q

What occurs in mycotic aneurysms

A

Wall of artery weakened by infection
Bacteria or fungi
Often occur in the brain, secondary to embolism

32
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

abnormally dilated, tortuous veins produced by prolonged, increased intralumninal pressure and loss of vessel wall support

33
Q

Risk factors for varicose veins

A

Age, sex, heredity, posture, obesity

34
Q

What does venous valve incompetence lead to?

A 
stasis
congestion
oedema
pain
thrombosis
35
Q

Where do varicose veins occur?

A 
lower limbs in saphenous system
oesophageal varicies
haemorrhoids
varicocele (bag that holds testicles)
cosmetic problems
36
Q

What are the signs of varicose veins?

A

aching in legs
stasis dermatisis
skin ulceration and bleeding§

37
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels

38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vasculitis?

A 
Cell immune-mediated inflammation
Deposition of immune complexes
Direct attack by circulating antibodies
Direct invasion of vascular walls by infectious pathogens
Often part of multi system disease
39
Q

who is at risk of giant-cell (temporal) arteritis?

A

Older than 50
Average age of onset is 80
More common in women than men

40
Q

What is giant-cell (temporal) arteritis?

A

Granulomatous inflammation of large to small sized arteries (temporal, vertebral and ophthalmic)

41
Q

What is takayasu arteritis?

A

Granulomatous vasculitis of medium and large arteries of upper limb (and arch of the aorta)

42
Q

Who is takayasu arteritis common in?

A

Women under 30

43
Q

Where does polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) occur?

A

medium small size muscular arteries of the kidneys, heart, liver and GIT

44
Q

What is polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?

A

Fibroid necrosis which could be fatal without steroid treatment

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease?

A

High fever

conjunctival and oral lesions

46
Q

Who do Kawasaki disease occur in?

A

Children under 4

47
Q

What are the symptoms of takaysau arteritis

A 
Dizziness
Visual disturbances
Dyspnoea
intermittent claudication of the upper limbs
Asymmetric BP
48
Q

What is the treatment of takaysau arteritis?

A

steroid treatment?

49
Q

What are the 3 main types of benign vascular tumour?

A
  • Angioma
  • Haemangioma
  • Lymphangioma
50
Q

What are the main types of haemangioma

A

Juvenile (strawberry) - skin
Capillary (ruby spots) - skin, spleen, kidneys
Cavernous (port wine stains) - skin, spleen, liver, pancreas

51
Q

What are the types of lymphangioma

A

Capillary

Cavernous

52
Q

What are the types of malignant vascular tumour?

A

Angiosarcoma

Antiproliferative tumour derived from endothelial cells

53
Q

What type of sarcoma is associated with AIDS/HIV

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

54
Q

Where can an angiosarcoma be found?

A 
Skin
Soft tissue
Breast
Bone
Liver
Spleen

MD3001 - Cardiology Disease and Pathology (10 decks)

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