Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CV > Vascular > Flashcards

Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

CHD risk factors

A 
men >45, women >55
diabetes mellistus
fam hx of premature CHD (male <55, female <65 first degree)
HTN
smoking
dyslipidemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

core of lipoproteins

A

non polar

TG and chol ester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

outer coat of lipoproteins

A

polar

unesterified chol, phospholipids, apolipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

apolipoproteins

A

stabilize lipoprotein particles
impart solubility to lipoproteins
catalyze changes in particle composition
facilitate entry/exit into/from cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

daily dietary chol

A

200-300mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chol produced by liver daily

A

~800mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the LDL-R recognize?

A

apo B-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why do we have HDL?

A

anti inflam
host defense and immunity (protect from endotoxin, trypanosomes)
reverse chol transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arcus corneus

A

grayish hazy stripe on inside of iris
any dyslipidemia
*hyperTG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

xanthelasmas

A

pale yellow fatty accumulations on medial aspects of eyelids

nonspecific marker of dyslipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

eruptive xanthomas

A

pts w/ chylomicronemia

“chicken pox on butt”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tendon, tuberous xanthomas

A

pts w/ FH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2* causes of hypercholesterolemia

A 
hypothyroidism
DM
chronic renal dz
obstructive liver dz
obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hyperTG 2* causes

A 
alcohol
DM
obesity 
estrogen use
chronic renal dz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2* causes of low HDL chol

A

obesity
DM
chronic renal dz
progestin use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

high risk CVD pts

A

established CHD, PAD, stroke
LDL-C >190
10 yr CVD risk >7.5% (1* prevention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

medium risk CVD pts

A

CVD but over 75 yo

10 yr CVD risk 5-7.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

who should intake <1500 mg sodium/day?

A 
HTN
DM
CKD
Afri-Amer
>51 yo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

normal awake home BP reading

A

<135/85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ambulatory BP monitoring

A

provides readings every 20-30 minutes
HTN dx = 24hr BP >130/80
used to dx white coat, masked, nocturnal HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

BP goals for HTN tx

A

clinic <140/90

home <135/85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HTN urgency

A

> 180/120 but no acute target organ damage

receive immediate tx w/ oral (+/- IV) meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

HTN emergency

A

> 180/120 + acute target organ damage/sx

requires hospitalization and immediate parenteral meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

goal for tx of HTN emergency/urgency

A

dec BP by no more than 25% in 2 hrs

dec BP to ~160/100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

resistant HTN

A

failure to achieve guideline recommended gaol BP when a pt adheres to max doses of 3 meds (incl diuretic)
common w/ obesity, KD, DM, older age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

uncontrolled HTN

A

all HTN pts who lack BP control under tx

due to inadequate tx, resistant HTN, pt adherence, undetected 2* HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

characteristics/conditions associated w/ resistant HTN (8)

A 
older age
obesity 
LVH
Na/V retention
females
Afr-Amer
DM
CKD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis

A

CHD/CAD (MI, unstable angine, ischemic cardiomyopathy)
cerebrovascular dz (ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack)
PAD (claudication, AAA, RAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

risk factors for atherosclerosis/CHD

A 
age (men >45, women >55)
DM
fam hx (men <55, women <65)
HTN
cigarette smoking
dyslipidemia
30
Q

functions of NO

A 
controls shear stress
prevents leukocyte adhesion
promotes vasodil (GMP)
ing platelet adhesion
maintains normals t-PA:PAI-1
31
Q

VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule)

A

cytokine regulated mononuclear leukocytes adhesion molecule
binds monocytes and lymphocytes
expressed by endothelium over nascent fatty streaks
expressed by micro vessels of mature atheroma

32
Q

MCP-1 (monocytes chemoattractant protein)

A

potent mononuclear cell chemoattractant
produced by endothelial cells and sm must cells
localizes in atheroma

33
Q

M-CSF

A

potent monocytes activator and co-mitogen
produced by endothelial and sm musc cells
localizes in atheroma
augmented M-CSF expression in atherogenesis

34
Q

what does a fatty streak consist of?

A

intact endothelium
foamy macs
some lymphocytes and sm musc cells in subendothel space

35
Q

factors that cause MI or sudden cardiac death in relation to atherosclerotic plaque

A 
areas of reduced shear stress, shear stress variability (turbulent flow/HTN, tachy)
plaque instability (inc inflam cells, thin fibrous cap w/ large lipid core)
36
Q

why is impaired blood flow and thrombus formation worse in pts w/ endothelial dysfunction?

A

endothelial dysfunction leads to paradoxical vasoconstriction

37
Q

when a plaque ruptures, what blocks the vessel?

A

mostly clot

some cholesterol and fibrous cap

38
Q

chronic risk factors for plaque rupture (5)

A 
age
chol
HTN
smoking
DM
39
Q

how can inflammation related to plaques be measured?

A

hs-CRP

higher –> greater risk of vascular events

40
Q

what is a vulnerable plaque

A

more likely to rupture
thin cap
large lipid core
inc inflam activity

41
Q

causes of PAD (9)

A 
tobacco
DM
HTN
hyperlipidemia  (TC, TG, LDL)
inflam mediators (homocytseine, fibrinogen, CRP, lipoprotein (a), renal dz)
older
male
Af-Amer
obesity
physical inactivity
42
Q

individuals at risk for LE PAD (4)

A

age <50 yrs + DM + 1 additional risk factor
age 50-60 + smoking or DM
age >70
known atherosclerotic coronary, carotid, o renal artery dz

43
Q

what is the LDL chol goal for high risk PAD, coronary art dz, or DM pts?

A

<70mg/dl

44
Q

what are the atypical features common w/ claudication? (3)

A

fatigue
heaviness
dysesthesia or cold sensation

45
Q

what is a normal ABI?

A

resting >0.9
if <0.9 –> PAD
Lower = more severe dz

46
Q

true vs false lumen

A

true: strong sys doppler velocity, thombus is rare
false: in media, slow doppler velocity, thombus is common

47
Q

risk of AAA rupture related to size

A

<4cm: <1% risk/yr
4-5cm: 1% risk/yr
5-6cm: 11% risk/yr
>6cm: 25% risk/year

48
Q

TAA surgical criteria (4)

A

diameter >5.5
growth >.5cm/year
>4.5cm in pts undergoing aortic valve surgery or w/ CT dz
sx

49
Q

thoracic dissection complications

A

rupture through outer wall of false channel (pericardial tamponade, pleural/mediastinal, ongoing bleeding)
acute aortic regurgitation (aortic valve support undermined, acute and severe pulm congestion)

50
Q

why is venous blood more susceptible to thrombosis?

A

low P
low flow
virchow’s triad contributes

51
Q

virchows triad

A

endothelia injury
stasis
hypercoag

52
Q

paradoxical cardiac embolism

A

in presence of intracardiac shunt, thrombus bypass pulm circulation, passes from R to L atrium, and gains access to systemic circulation

53
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical excision and removal of arterial plaque

often combined w/ patch plasty

54
Q

embolectomy

A

removal of arterial or venous thrombus

often performed in hybrid surgical/endovascular fashion

55
Q

angioplasty

A

ballong catch to dilate a blocked artery

long term limitation is restenosis

56
Q

atherectomy

A

use of one of many different type of catheters to remove arterial plaque

57
Q

amaurosis fugex

A

temporary monocular blindness caused by embolism to ophthalmic art (usually from carotid bifurcation)

58
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

focal neurological deficit lasting sec to 24 hr
Mechanisms: 1) arterial spasm at site of stenosis
2) embolism

59
Q

angina pectoris

A

pain or discomfort in the chest caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart muscles

  • -typically brought on by exertion or emotional stress
  • -typically lasts 1-15 min
  • -relieved by rest, nitroglycerin
60
Q

causes of chest pain

A 
myocardial ischemia
pericarditis
GI probs
pulm dz
neuromuscular probs
61
Q

what is most diagnostic of sig, obstructive CAD during exercise stress testing?

A

horizontal or down sloping depression or elevation of ST segment

62
Q

FFR that suggests functionally sig stenosis that may warrant revasc?

A

FFR < .75-.80

63
Q

survival in pts w/ CAD is related to what 2 major factors?

A

severity of CAD

left vent function

64
Q

triggers for plaques rupture? (4)

A
  1. mechanical factors (shear stress)
  2. catecholamines
  3. inflam (–> inc CRP)
  4. exogenous factors (smoking –> platelet activation)
65
Q

why do coronary arteries thrombose? (3)

A
  1. act intrinsic clotting (tissue factor –> act extrinsic clotting)
  2. platelet activation (collagen, VWF, catecholamines, smoking)
  3. endothelial dysfunction (dec NO, dec prostacyclin, vasocon)
66
Q

platelet activation triggers and feedback

A 
triggers
--catecholamines
--smoking
--collagen
--tissue factor
--VWF
feedback
--adenosine diP
--serotonin
--thromboxane A2
67
Q

dx of metabolic syndrome

A

3+ of the following:

  • -elev TG (>150 or on meds)
  • -elev bl glugg (>100 or on meds)
  • -elev BP (>130/85 or on meds)
  • -dec HDL (<40 M, <50 F or on meds)
  • -waist circumference >40in M, >35in F
68
Q

combined dyslipidemia

A

often exists as part of MS
includes borderline high to high TG (150-499)
low HDL
moderately elev LDL and small dense LDL

69
Q

high sodium diets inc risk of? (6)

A 
HTN
stroke
LVH
osteoporosis
kidney stones
gastric cancer
70
Q

factors associated w/ sodium sensitivity (8)

A 
F
>40 yrs
abdom obesity
impaired glucose tolerance
DM
Af-Amer
HTN
fam hx of HTN
71
Q

metabolic factors that vasodil?

A 
adenosine
postaglandins
NO
K
O
72
Q

metabolic factors that vasocon?

A

thromboxane

endothelin

CV (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions