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Vascular (Summer Session) > Vascular > Flashcards

Vascular Flashcards

1
Q

define a capillary

A

The part of the vascular system where exchange of nutrients and waste occurs

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2
Q

Circular smooth muscle is in this part of a blood vessel wall.

A

The tunica media

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3
Q

The principle point of resistance to blood flow within the vascular system is supplied by the:

A

arterioles

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4
Q

venous valves are:

A

inward projections of the tunica intima

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5
Q

A capillary wall is primarily composed of a single layer of

A

endothelial cells

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6
Q

Where does the right common carotid artery (CCA) normally originate from?

A

The brachiocephalic artery

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7
Q

The first branch of the cerebral portion of the internal carotid (ICA) is the:

A

Ophthalmic artery

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8
Q

What anatomic landmark is used to delineate the subclavian artery from the axillary artery?

A

The outer border of the first rib

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9
Q

The superficial and deep palmar arches of the hand are continuations of which two arteries, respectively?

A

The ulnar and radial arteries

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10
Q

This vein is commonly found communicating between the cephalic and basilic veins at the antecubital fossa.

A

The median cubital vein

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11
Q

The three major anterior branches of the abdominal aorta are:

A

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries

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12
Q

Which vessels supplies most of the small intestine?

A

The superior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

How are the renal arteries are oriented with respect to the renal veins as the renal arteries approach the kidneys?

A

The renal arteries are slightly posterior to the renal veins

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14
Q

These arteries supply most of the pelvic organs:

A

The internal iliac arteries

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15
Q

The flow into the liver is carried by the

A

portal vein and hepatic artery, whereas the flow out of the liver is carried by the hapatic veins

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16
Q

The opening in the leg where the superficial femoral artery passes through as it courses toward the ankle is called:

A

The adductor canal

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17
Q

The longest vein in the body is the:

A

Great saphenous vein

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18
Q

The tibial-peroneal trunk artery arises directly off which vessel?

A

The popliteal artery

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19
Q

Which vessels form the portal vein?

A

The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

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20
Q

In the vascular system, blood flows:

A

From an area of high energy to an area of low energy

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21
Q

What principle states that if fluid flows without change in velocity the total energy will remain constant?

A

The Bernoulli principle

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22
Q

What has the most influence of blood viscosity?

A

hematocrit

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23
Q

Moving from the aorta through the arteries, then arterioles, and into the capillaries, blood velocity :

A

decreases and the total cross-sectional area increases

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24
Q

According to Poiseuille’s law, an increase in the change in pressure will:

A

Increase the flow if all other components stay the same

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25
Q

If the superficial femoral artery has multiple stenosis along the vessel, what will happen to the total resistance?

A

The resistance will increase with each additional stenosis

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26
Q

What waveform does the carotid artery display?

A

low resistance

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27
Q

What waveform does the superficial femoral artery display

A

high resistance

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28
Q

What vessels shows a change from high resistance waveform to a low resistance waveform after eating?

A

The superior mesenteric artery

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29
Q

Plug flow is found at:

A

the entrance to a vessel

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30
Q

Vasomotor tone is produced by:

A

The constant contraction of smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall

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31
Q

What is an example of a local feedback mechanism that controls blood flow?

A

Oxygen

32
Q

Atherosclerotic changes are thought to begin with:

A

A lipid streak

33
Q

What factor will have the greatest change on blood flow?

A

The radius of the vessel

34
Q

During exercise what will happen to blood flow and pressure in a patient with multilevel disease?

A

Blood flow will change very little after exercise

35
Q

As vessels age, what happens to the blood vessel wall?

A

Capacitance decreases as walls becomes stiffer

36
Q

Turbulance develops within a blood vessel mainly due to:

A

Changes in the velocity of the blood and size of the vessel

37
Q

The velocity of the blood at the center of a vessel is approximately:

A

Twice the mean velocity across the entire vessel

38
Q

Describe the capacity of the venous system?

A

Venous cross-sectional area is approximately three to four times that of the corresponding artery

39
Q

describe the concept of venous resistance

A

A partially empty, elliptical vein offers resistance to flow

40
Q

hydrostatic pressure is due to :

A

The weight of the fluid

41
Q

Transmural pressure is defined as

A

The difference between pressure within the vein and the tissue pressure

42
Q

At a high transmural pressures, the vein will become:

A

Circular

43
Q

Edema is a sign of:

A

Increased venous pressure

44
Q

During inspriation intrabdominal pressure increases and venous flow:

A

decreases

45
Q

In the presence of a deep venous thrombosis venous pressure and venous resistance are:

A

increased

46
Q

The pressure in a vein is equal to:

A

The dynamic pressure plus the hydrostatic pressure

47
Q

The shape of a vein is determined by:

A

The transmural pressure
The hydrostatic pressure
The tissue pressure

48
Q

Symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency include

A

Ataxia
Diplopia
Dizziness

49
Q

What is the best method for evaluating an arterial segment for stenosis?

A

Sweep through with spectral doppler

50
Q

What is the name of the artifact caused by heavily calcific plaque?

A

Acoustic shadowing

51
Q

What is the normal ICA flow?

A

Low resistance flow with high diastolic flow component

52
Q

What crucial element should be documented when confirming string sign flow is present ( and the ICA is not completely occluded)?

A

Presence of Doppler flow in the mid/distal ICA

53
Q

What is meant by the term “choke lesion”?

A

Severe stenosis or occlusion of the ICA

54
Q

What would invalidate the ICA/CCA ratio (NASCET method)?

A

Severe stenosis of the CCA

55
Q

What does spectral broadening in the Doppler waveform generally represent?

A

Turbulent flow

56
Q

Flow separation is often observed:

A

at the carotid bulb and appears as a small area of flow reversal

57
Q

The normal position of the vertebral arteries is:

A

Passing through the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

58
Q

The characterization of an ulcerative plaque is best done with:

A

A pathologic spcimen at time of surgery

59
Q

The ECA is _______________ resistance

A

high

60
Q

In a patient with reversed right vertebral artery flow, the possible cause of the steal can be:

A

A stenosis in the brachiocephalic artery

61
Q

The main advantage of power doppler imaging is:

A

The ability to detect low-flow states

62
Q

The consensus criteria use which two values as secondary parameters for ICA disease classification?

A

The ICA end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the ICA/CCA peak systolic velocity ratio

63
Q

What correctly identifies the calculation of the ICA/CCA peak systolic velocity ratio?

A

Use the highest PSV from the stenotic site for the ICA and the PSV from the proximal CCA

64
Q

Gold standard techniques used to validate carotid ultrasound criteria include all of the following except:

A

MRA

Constrast arteriography

CTA

65
Q

The transducer maneuver used to adjust vessel insonation to help create an angle of 60 degress or less is called:

A

Toe-heel maneuver

66
Q

Cardiac assist devices used in patients with heart failure can have what effect on carotid artery signals?

A

The contour is affected such that the pattern of arterial flow is unrecognizable

67
Q

Patients referred to the vascular laboratory for a carotid duplex examination are more likely to have what condition?

A

Tortuosity

68
Q

A moving structure seen in the carotid lumen may be caused by

A

Venous valve refraction artifact

acute thrombus

dissection

69
Q

What is described on imaging as a “string of beads”?

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

70
Q

where is fibromuscular dysplasia most likely to occur?

A

Distal internal carotid artery (ICA)

71
Q

What condition results in a “false lumen”?

A

dissection

72
Q

What condition is the most rarely encountered in the carotid arteries?

A

Aneurysm

73
Q

A to and fro doppler signal in the “neck” of this mass is its most important characteristic for diagnosis

A

Pseudoaneurysm

74
Q

A renal artery examination may also be ordered for a patient who has what condition in the carotid arteries?

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

75
Q

This structure characteristically splays the external and internal carotid arteries apart.

A

A carotid body tumor

Vascular (Summer Session) (1 decks)

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