Vascular Flashcards
define a capillary
The part of the vascular system where exchange of nutrients and waste occurs
Circular smooth muscle is in this part of a blood vessel wall.
The tunica media
The principle point of resistance to blood flow within the vascular system is supplied by the:
arterioles
venous valves are:
inward projections of the tunica intima
A capillary wall is primarily composed of a single layer of
endothelial cells
Where does the right common carotid artery (CCA) normally originate from?
The brachiocephalic artery
The first branch of the cerebral portion of the internal carotid (ICA) is the:
Ophthalmic artery
What anatomic landmark is used to delineate the subclavian artery from the axillary artery?
The outer border of the first rib
The superficial and deep palmar arches of the hand are continuations of which two arteries, respectively?
The ulnar and radial arteries
This vein is commonly found communicating between the cephalic and basilic veins at the antecubital fossa.
The median cubital vein
The three major anterior branches of the abdominal aorta are:
The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries
Which vessels supplies most of the small intestine?
The superior mesenteric artery
How are the renal arteries are oriented with respect to the renal veins as the renal arteries approach the kidneys?
The renal arteries are slightly posterior to the renal veins
These arteries supply most of the pelvic organs:
The internal iliac arteries
The flow into the liver is carried by the
portal vein and hepatic artery, whereas the flow out of the liver is carried by the hapatic veins
The opening in the leg where the superficial femoral artery passes through as it courses toward the ankle is called:
The adductor canal
The longest vein in the body is the:
Great saphenous vein
The tibial-peroneal trunk artery arises directly off which vessel?
The popliteal artery
Which vessels form the portal vein?
The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
In the vascular system, blood flows:
From an area of high energy to an area of low energy
What principle states that if fluid flows without change in velocity the total energy will remain constant?
The Bernoulli principle
What has the most influence of blood viscosity?
hematocrit
Moving from the aorta through the arteries, then arterioles, and into the capillaries, blood velocity :
decreases and the total cross-sectional area increases
According to Poiseuille’s law, an increase in the change in pressure will:
Increase the flow if all other components stay the same
If the superficial femoral artery has multiple stenosis along the vessel, what will happen to the total resistance?
The resistance will increase with each additional stenosis
What waveform does the carotid artery display?
low resistance
What waveform does the superficial femoral artery display
high resistance
What vessels shows a change from high resistance waveform to a low resistance waveform after eating?
The superior mesenteric artery
Plug flow is found at:
the entrance to a vessel
Vasomotor tone is produced by:
The constant contraction of smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall
What is an example of a local feedback mechanism that controls blood flow?
Oxygen
Atherosclerotic changes are thought to begin with:
A lipid streak
What factor will have the greatest change on blood flow?
The radius of the vessel
During exercise what will happen to blood flow and pressure in a patient with multilevel disease?
Blood flow will change very little after exercise
As vessels age, what happens to the blood vessel wall?
Capacitance decreases as walls becomes stiffer
Turbulance develops within a blood vessel mainly due to:
Changes in the velocity of the blood and size of the vessel
The velocity of the blood at the center of a vessel is approximately:
Twice the mean velocity across the entire vessel
Describe the capacity of the venous system?
Venous cross-sectional area is approximately three to four times that of the corresponding artery
describe the concept of venous resistance
A partially empty, elliptical vein offers resistance to flow
hydrostatic pressure is due to :
The weight of the fluid
Transmural pressure is defined as
The difference between pressure within the vein and the tissue pressure
At a high transmural pressures, the vein will become:
Circular
Edema is a sign of:
Increased venous pressure
During inspriation intrabdominal pressure increases and venous flow:
decreases
In the presence of a deep venous thrombosis venous pressure and venous resistance are:
increased
The pressure in a vein is equal to:
The dynamic pressure plus the hydrostatic pressure
The shape of a vein is determined by:
The transmural pressure
The hydrostatic pressure
The tissue pressure
Symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency include
Ataxia
Diplopia
Dizziness
What is the best method for evaluating an arterial segment for stenosis?
Sweep through with spectral doppler
What is the name of the artifact caused by heavily calcific plaque?
Acoustic shadowing
What is the normal ICA flow?
Low resistance flow with high diastolic flow component
What crucial element should be documented when confirming string sign flow is present ( and the ICA is not completely occluded)?
Presence of Doppler flow in the mid/distal ICA
What is meant by the term “choke lesion”?
Severe stenosis or occlusion of the ICA
What would invalidate the ICA/CCA ratio (NASCET method)?
Severe stenosis of the CCA
What does spectral broadening in the Doppler waveform generally represent?
Turbulent flow
Flow separation is often observed:
at the carotid bulb and appears as a small area of flow reversal
The normal position of the vertebral arteries is:
Passing through the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
The characterization of an ulcerative plaque is best done with:
A pathologic spcimen at time of surgery
The ECA is _______________ resistance
high
In a patient with reversed right vertebral artery flow, the possible cause of the steal can be:
A stenosis in the brachiocephalic artery
The main advantage of power doppler imaging is:
The ability to detect low-flow states
The consensus criteria use which two values as secondary parameters for ICA disease classification?
The ICA end diastolic velocity (EDV) and the ICA/CCA peak systolic velocity ratio
What correctly identifies the calculation of the ICA/CCA peak systolic velocity ratio?
Use the highest PSV from the stenotic site for the ICA and the PSV from the proximal CCA
Gold standard techniques used to validate carotid ultrasound criteria include all of the following except:
MRA
Constrast arteriography
CTA
The transducer maneuver used to adjust vessel insonation to help create an angle of 60 degress or less is called:
Toe-heel maneuver
Cardiac assist devices used in patients with heart failure can have what effect on carotid artery signals?
The contour is affected such that the pattern of arterial flow is unrecognizable
Patients referred to the vascular laboratory for a carotid duplex examination are more likely to have what condition?
Tortuosity
A moving structure seen in the carotid lumen may be caused by
Venous valve refraction artifact
acute thrombus
dissection
What is described on imaging as a “string of beads”?
Fibromuscular dysplasia
where is fibromuscular dysplasia most likely to occur?
Distal internal carotid artery (ICA)
What condition results in a “false lumen”?
dissection
What condition is the most rarely encountered in the carotid arteries?
Aneurysm
A to and fro doppler signal in the “neck” of this mass is its most important characteristic for diagnosis
Pseudoaneurysm
A renal artery examination may also be ordered for a patient who has what condition in the carotid arteries?
Fibromuscular dysplasia
This structure characteristically splays the external and internal carotid arteries apart.
A carotid body tumor
