Various

Question 1

Equity

Answer 1

In Aotearoa New Zealand, people have differences in health that are not only avoidable but unfair and unjust. Equity recognises different people with different levels of advantage require different approaches and resources to get equitable health outcomes.

Question 2

Cultural deficit

Answer 2

Deficits that are inherit to a population (i.e., gene theory) or internal to the culture (i.e., tapu framed as a cause for low cervical screening).

Question 3

Population health

Answer 3

An approach that focuses on interrelated conditions and factors that influence the health of populations over the life course, identifies systematic variations in their patterns of occurrence, and applies the resulting knowledge to develop and implement policies and actions to improve the health and wellbeing of those populations.

Question 4

Racism

Answer 4

1. Institutional racism
2. Personally-mediated racism
   Prejudice and discrimination
   Ties into intersectionality
3. Internalised racism
4. Solution to racism is not cultural awareness. The solution is a critical race consciousness
5. Cultural safety (rather than cultural competence) is an important mechanism to begin the work of critical consciousness where health care professionals and their organisation examine themselves as being part of the problem
6. Examine their own culture rather than the “exotic other”
7. Critique the taken for granted power structures and challenge their own culture and cultural systems rather than prioritise becoming competent in the cultures of others

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism by an individual, community, or institution against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized.

Question 5

Privilege

Answer 5

A special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group

Question 6

Cultural essentialism

Answer 6

1. Belief that racial categories are associated with distinct, fixed and stable cultural patterns
2. Categories of people possess inherent differences or intrinsic characteristics and dispositions
3. Inherent, unchangeable properties
4. Problematic because maori are diverse, fluidity and multiplicity. Plastic maori – tuturu maori

Question 7

Colonisation

Answer 7

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Colonisation imposed abusive, exploitative, racist power relations on society

Through land alienation, economic impoverishment, mass settler immigration, warfare, cultural marginalisation, forced social change and multi-level hegemonic racism, Indigenous cultures, economies, populations and rights have been diminished and degraded over more than seven generations.

Question 8

Worldviews

Answer 8

1. Imperialism
2. Neoliberalism
3. Egalitarianism
4. Critical Indigenous (we need to come from this worldview)
5. Matauranga Maori (we need to come from this worldview)

Question 9

Cultural load

Answer 9

Additional workload in the workplace for Indigenous people who may be the only or small number.

Question 10

White supremacy

Answer 10

White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.

Question 11

Cultural safety

Answer 11

a. Acknowledging the barriers to health outcomes arising from the inherent power imbalance between provider and patient
b. Rejects that notion that providers should focus on learning cultural customs of different groups
c. Being aware of difference, decolonising, considering power relationships, implementing reflexive practice and allowing patient to safety
d. Question own biases, attitudes, assumptions, stereotypes and prejudices = critical consciousness, ongoing self-reflection and self-awareness
e. Hold themselves accountable