Statistical

Question 1

DALY

Answer 1

Disability-adjusted life years.

• Health loss.
• Burden of disease or health condition.
• Time-based measure combining years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs).
• One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health.
• Using DALYs, the burden of diseases that cause premature death but little disability (such as drowning or measles) can be compared to that of diseases that do not cause death but do cause disability (such as cataract causing blindness).

Question 2

Mortality

Answer 2

number of deaths in a population. Mortality does not give a complete picture of the burden of disease borne by individuals in different populations.

Question 3

Incidence

Answer 3

how commonly or frequently a disease occurs in a specified population over a period.

Question 3

Prevalence

Answer 3

the numbers and proportions of people with disease

Question 4

Survival

Answer 4

survival data are commonly described with the probability of being alive after a certain time after the diagnosis of a particular disease.

Question 5

Cost of illness

Answer 5

the value of the resources that are expended or forgone as a result of a health problem

Question 6

Poor prognosis

Answer 6

estimation of low chance of recovery from the disease.

Question 7

SLE

Answer 7

stressful life event (i.e., maternal SLE, multiple SLE).

Question 8

ACE

Answer 8

adverse childhood experiences.

Question 9

ASH

Answer 9

ambulatory sensitive (avoidable) hospital admissions.

Question 10

SUDI

Answer 10

sudden unexplained death in infancy.

Question 11

SIDS

Answer 11

sudden infant death syndrome (baby younger than 1 year).

Question 12

PAM

Answer 12

potentially avoidable mortality; under 75 years.
* Preventable through population health interventions, before the disease occurs.
* Treatable/amenable through timely and effective interventions, after the disease has occurred, reduce fatality.

Question 13

Health service utilisation

Answer 13

1. Enrolment
2. Access
3. Engagement
4. Culturally safe

Question 14

Descent

Answer 14

biological ancestry and genealogy using definitions defined in legislation.

Question 15

Ethnicity

Answer 15

self-reported cultural affiliation with an ethnic group, used in social and health research to classify individuals or populations.

Question 16

Disaggregation

Answer 16

subgroup analysis; separate something into parts (i.e., ethnicity, sex).

Question 17

Rate ratio

Answer 17

compares how common something is, like a disease, between two different groups. If the ratio is exactly 1, both groups are equally affected. If higher, it means the first group has the event happen more often.

Question 18

Rate difference

Answer 18

how much more often something happens in one group compared to another. Number of times minus number of times in each group. The actual number of how many additional events.

Question 19

Confidence interval

Answer 19

range of values we can expect the estimate to fall between if we redid the test 100 times, within a certain level of confidence (95%). The more people in a study, the smaller more accurate this “net” becomes.

Question 20

Statistically significant

Answer 20

the finding is likely not due to chance.

Question 21

Sampling error

Answer 21

a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data

Question 22

Crude rates

Answer 22

with age standardisation allowing us to answer which diseases are the most common for Māori or which disease cause the greatest numbers of death for Māori.

Question 23

Socio-economic disadvantage

Answer 23

Socio-economic advantage and disadvantage can be defined as people’s access to material and social resources, and their ability to participate in society.

Socio-economic disadvantage has been found to explain approximately half of ethnic inequity in mortality for Māori adult males, and just over 40% for Māori adult females.

Question 24

Preventative care

Answer 24

• Before they occur or become more severe
• Aim to detect early when treatment or management is more effective and less costly.
  o Regular health screenings – blood pressure checks, cholesterol screenings, mammograms, pap smears, vaccinations.
  o Health counselling and education – healthy lifestyle choices, nutrition, exercise, smoking cessation, safe sex practices, and substance abuse prevention, sleep, stress.
  o Immunisations and vaccinations
  o Preventative medications

Question 25

Diagnostic test

Answer 25

• Identify or confirm the presence of disease, condition or problem
• Play a role in diagnosing, monitoring, guiding decisions and assessing overall health
  o Lab tests
  o Imaging tests
  o Biopsy
  o ECG (heart)
  o Diagnostic – internal structures or organs, endoscopy, colonoscopy, angiography.

Question 26

Acute illness

Answer 26

• Managing or resolving sudden onset health problems or conditions
• Rapid onset and short duration
• Examples: influenza, UTI, heart attacks, broken bones

Acute = emergency departments

Question 27

Chronic conditions

Answer 27

• Controlling symptoms, minimising complications, improving quality of life, providing disease progression
  o Comprehensive assessment
  o Patient education
  o Medication management
  o Lifestyle modifications
  o Regular monitoring and follow up
  o Self-management support
  o Coordinator of care
  o Mental health support
  o Preventative care
  o Advanced care planning – end of life care, align treatment goals with patient values and preferences

Question 28

Unmet need

Answer 28

due to long waits, cost or distance to travel.

Question 29

Mental health

Answer 29

Community treatment order – the patient lives in the community and they are treated in the community.

Inpatient treatment order – the patient to stay in the hospital for treatment.

Indefinite treatment order – compulsory treatment orders which do not have an end date.

Seclusion – a person is placed alone in a room or area, at any time and for any duration, from which they cannot freely exit. It is used to control or compel behaviour rather than for any therapeutic benefit.

Compulsion – the use of force to make a person accept treatment that has been refused. It is used to control or compel behaviour rather than for any therapeutic benefit.

Restraint – the use of any intervention that limits a person’s normal freedom of movement.
* Personal – use of one’s body to limit another’s movement.
* Environmental – restricting access to one’s environment.
* Mechanical – the use of equipment to limit movement.
* Chemical – the use of medications.