variations in psychology Flashcards

1
Q

define individual differences

A

Individual differences refer to distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns. Eg. People differ in height, weight, intelligence, interests, etc.

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2
Q

explain situationism

A

Situationism states that situations and circumstances in which one is placed influence one’s behaviour. The situationist perspective views human behaviour relatively more as a result of influence of external factors. Eg. A person, who is generally aggressive, may behave in a submissive manner in the presence of her/his boss.

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3
Q

what are the factors influencing behaviour

A
  1. personal traits
  2. situational factors
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4
Q

what is meant by assessment? define.

A

Assessment is the first step in
understanding a psychological attribute.
Assessment refers to the measurement of
psychological attributes of individuals and
their evaluation, often using multiple
methods in terms of certain standards of
comparison

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of assessment?

A

assessment may
be informal or formal. Formal assessment
is objective, standardised, and organised.
On the other hand, informal assessment
varies from case to case and from one
assessor to another and, therefore, is open
to subjective interpretations.

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6
Q

The attribute chosen for assessment
depends upon our____________

A

purpose

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7
Q

Psychologists
are trained in making _________ assessment
of psychological attributes

A

formal

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8
Q

Psychological
assessment uses __________________ to evaluate abilities, behaviours,
and personal qualities of individuals

A

systematic testing
procedures

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9
Q

“Psychological attributes are not linear or
unidimensional.” comment

A

They are complex and
expressed in terms of dimensions

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10
Q

list the attributes of psychological testing.

A
  1. intelligence
  2. aptitude
  3. interest
  4. personality
  5. values
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11
Q

attributes are
categorised on the basis of________________

A

varieties of tests
used in psychological literature.

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12
Q

define intelligence

A

Intelligence is the global capacity to
understand the world, think rationally,
and use available resources effectively
when faced with challenges.

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13
Q

describe the role of intelligence tests

A

Intelligence
tests provide a global measure of a
person’s general cognitive competence
including the ability to profit from
schooling. Generally, students having
low intelligence are not likely to do so
well in school-related examinations, but
their success in life is not associated
only with their intelligence test scores

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14
Q

define aptitude

A

Aptitude refers to an individual’s
underlying potential for acquiring skills

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15
Q

describe the role of aptitude tests

A

Aptitude tests are used to predict what
an individual will be able to do if given the proper environment and training. A
person with high mechanical aptitude
can profit from appropriate training and
can do well as an engineer.

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16
Q

define interest.

A

Interest is an individual’s preference for
engaging in one or more specific
activities relative to others

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17
Q

how is interest assessment helpful?

A

Assessment
of interests of students may help to
decide what subjects or courses they
can pursue comfortably and with
pleasure. Knowledge of interests helps
us in making choices that promote life
satisfaction and performance on jobs.

18
Q

define personality

A

Personality refers to relatively enduring
characteristics of a person that make
her or him distinct from others

19
Q

role of personality tests

A

Personality tests try to assess an
individual’s unique characteristics, e.g.
whether one is dominant or submissive,
outgoing or withdrawn, moody or
emotionally stable, etc. Personality
assessment helps us to explain an
individual’s behaviour and predict how
she/he will behave in future

20
Q

define values

A

Values are enduring beliefs about an
ideal mode of behaviour

21
Q

role of value assessment

A

In value assessment,
we try to determine the dominant
values of a person (e.g., political,
religious, social or economic)

22
Q

list the several methods used for psychological assessment

A
  1. psychological testing
  2. interview
  3. case study
  4. observation
  5. self-report
23
Q

define psychological test

A

A psychological Test is an objective
and standardised measure of an
individual’s mental and/or behavioural
characteristics

24
Q

explain the 2 types of tests under psychological test

A
  1. Objective tests have
    been developed to measure all the
    dimensions of psychological attributes
    (e.g., intelligence, aptitude, etc.)
    described above. These tests are widely used for the purposes of clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement, and training.
  2. psychologists have also developed certain projective tests, especially for the assessment of personality
25
explain the 2 types of tests under psychological test
1. Objective tests have been developed to measure all the dimensions of psychological attributes (e.g., intelligence, aptitude, etc.) described above. These tests are widely used for the purposes of clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement, and training. 2. psychologists have also developed certain projective tests, especially for the assessment of personality
26
explain interview with an example.
Interview involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis. for eg- when a counsellor interacts with a client, a salesperson makes a door-to-door survey
27
explain case studies
1. Case Study is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of her/his psychosocial and physical environment. 2. Case studies are widely used by clinical psychologists. 3. Case analyses of the lives of great people can also be highly illuminating for those willing to learn from their life experiences. 4. Case studies are based on data generated by different methods, e.g. interview, observation, questionnaire, psychological tests, etc.
28
explain observation with an example
Observation involves employing systematic, organised, and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occurring naturally in real time. Certain phenomena such as mother-child interactions can be easily studied through observation
29
what are the major problems with observational methods
The major problems with observational methods are that the observer has little control over the situation and the reports may suffer from subjective interpretations of the observer
30
what is self-report
Self-Report is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself/himself and/or opinions beliefs, etc. that s/he holds. Such information may be obtained by using an interview schedule or a questionnaire, a psychological test, or a personal diary
31
how does the oxford dictionary define intelligence
Oxford Dictionary explains intelligence as the power of perceiving, learning, understanding, and knowing
32
how did alfred binet define intelligence
Alfred Binet was one of the first psychologists who worked on intelligence. He defined intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well
33
how did wechsler define intelligence
Wechsler, whose intelligence tests are most widely used, understood intelligence in terms of its functionality, i.e. its value for adaptation to environment. He defined it as the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully, and to deal effectively with her/his environment.
34
how have gardner and sternberg defined intelligence?
Gardner and Sternberg have suggested that an intelligent individual not only adapts to the environment, but also actively modifies or shapes it.
35
Theories can be broadly classified as either representing a _________ approach or an _________approach.
psychometric/ structural or information-processing approach
36
The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an_______
aggregate of abilities
37
describe the psychometric approach
The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It an expresses the individual's performance in act terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
38
describe the info processing approach
the information-processing approach describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. The major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts. Rather than focusing on structure of intelligence or its underlying dimensions, information-processing approaches emphasise studying cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour.
39
where did binets theory of intelligence arise from?
Binet's theory of intelligence was rather simple as it arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals.
40
write a note on one/uni factor theory
Binet's theory of intelligence was rather simple as it arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals. He, therefore, conceptualised intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual's environment. His theory of intelligence is called Uni or one factor theory of intelligence. This theory came to be disputed when psychologists started analysing data of individuals, which was collected using Binet's test.
41
why did uni factor theory came to be disputed?
This theory came to be disputed when psychologists started analysing data of individuals, which was collected using Binet's test.