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Psychology > Variations in Psychological Attributes > Flashcards

Variations in Psychological Attributes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are individual differences?

A

it refers to the distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns

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2
Q

What is situationism?

A

it states that situations and circumstances experienced by a person plays an important role in one’s behaviour patterns

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3
Q

The _____ perspective views human behaviour relatively more as a result of influence of external factors

A

situationist

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4
Q

______ is the first step to understanding a psychological attribute

A

assessment

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5
Q

What is assessment?

A

it refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods

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6
Q

What can assessment be divided into?

A

formal and informal assessment

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of formal assessment?

A

objective, standardized, organized

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of informal assessment?

A

it varies from case to case, from one assessor to another and is open to subjective interpretations

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9
Q

Psychologists are trained in making ____________ of psychological attributes

A

formal assessment

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10
Q

Psychological assessment uses _______ to evaluate abilities, behaviours and personal qualities of individuals

A

systematic testing procedures

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11
Q

What is intelligence?

A

it is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges

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12
Q

What is aptitude?

A

it refers to a combination of characteristics that indicates individual’s capacity for acquiring skills and specific knowledge after training

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13
Q

What is interest?

A

it is the individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others

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14
Q

__________ refers to relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make them distinct from others

A

personality

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15
Q

_______ try to assess an individual’s unique characteristics

A

personality tests

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16
Q

__________ are enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour

A

values

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17
Q

Psychological attributes can be assessed on the basis of _______

A

intelligence, values, personality, aptitude, interest

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18
Q

What are the assessment methods?

A

psychological tests, interview, case study, observation, self-report

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19
Q

Psychological tests are _____

A

objective and standardised measure of individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics

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20
Q

What are psychological tests used for?

A

clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement and training

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21
Q

Interviews involve seeking information from a person on a ____ basis

A

one to one

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22
Q

What are case studies?

A

it is an in-depth study of an individual in terms of their psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of her psychosocial and physical environment

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23
Q

Observation involves employing _____, _______ and ______ procedures to record behaviour phenomena occurring naturally

A

systematic, organised and objective

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24
Q

What is self-report?

A

a method in which the person provides factual information about herself and/or opinions, beliefs etc

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25
Q

How is self report obtained?

A

it is obtained by using an interview schedule, a questionnaire, a psychological test or a personal diary

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26
Q

The Oxford dictionary explains intelligence as the power of ___

A

perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing (pluk)

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27
Q

What was Alfred Binet’s definition of intelligence?

A

the ability to judge well, understand well and reason well

28
Q

Wechsler understood intelligence in terms of its ____

A

functionality i.e its value for adaptation to environment

29
Q

What was Wechsler’s definition of intelligence?

A

the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully and to deal effectively with his/her environment

30
Q

Gardner and Sternberg suggested that an intelligent individual adapts to the environment and actively modifies and shapes it
True/False

A

True

31
Q

Theories of intelligence can be broadly classified into two. What are they?

A

the psychometric/structural approach

the information-processing approach

32
Q

What does the psychometric approach consider intelligence as?

A

intelligence is an aggregate of abilities
it expresses an individuals’ performance in terms of an index of cognitive abilities
focuses on structure of intelligence

33
Q

What does the information-processing approach consider intelligence as?

A

it describes the processes people use for intellectual reasoning and problem solving
focuses on how the person acts
involves cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour

34
Q

Who theorised Uni/One factor theory of intelligence?

A

Alfred Binet

35
Q

Assertion: Binet’s theory was rather simple, consisting of one similar set of abilities
Reason: It arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent people from less intelligent people

A

Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

36
Q

Explain Uni/One factor theory of intelligence

A

it conceptualised intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used to solve any problem in an individual’s environment

37
Q

Charles Spearman proposed _________ theory of intelligence in ___

A

two- factor theory

1927

38
Q

Explain two-factor theory

A

intelligence consists of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). G-factor includes primary mental operations . S-factors are specific abilities that help them excel in other domains

39
Q

Who proposed theory of primary mental abilities?

A

Louis Thurstone

40
Q

What does theory of primary mental abilities state?

A

intelligence consists of seven primary abilities that’s independent of each other

  • verbal comprehension (understanding meaning of words, concepts and ideas)
  • numerical abilities
  • spatial relations (visualisation of patterns and forms)
  • perceptual speed
  • word fluency
  • memory
  • inductive reasoning (deriving general rules from present facts)
41
Q

What was the theory proposed by Arthur Jensen?

A

Hierarchical model
has abilities operating at two levels
Level I - associative learning where output is more or less similar to input (rote learning)
Level II - cognitive competency of high order skills where input is transformed to produce effective output

42
Q

What was the theory proposed by J P Guilford?

A

structure of intellect model
intellectual traits are of three dimensions
operations (what respondent does)
contents (nature of info or materials on which operations are performed)
products (form in which information is processed)

43
Q

1) Examples of contents are _______
2) Examples of operations are _______
3) Examples of products are _______

A

1) visual, auditory, semantic, behavioural etc
2) cognition, memory, divergent and convergent production, memory retention, evaluation
3) units, classes, relations, systems, transformation

44
Q

When was the structure of model theory proposed and by whom?

How many categories does the model have?

A

It was proposed in 1988 by J P Guilford

It has 6x5x6 categories i.e the model has 180 cells with one or more factor each

45
Q

What was the theory of multiple intelligences?

A

It was proposed by Howard Gardner
Here, intelligence is not a single entity, it has distinct types and each intelligences are independent of each other. The different intelligences interact and work together to solve a problem.
There are eight, linguistic, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial

46
Q

Explain linguistic intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

linguistic is the capacity to use language fluently and flexibly to express one’s thinking and understand each other, ppl high on linguistic intelligence are word-smart - poets and writers

47
Q

Explain spatial intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

spatial is the abilities involved in forming, using and transforming mental images, ppl high on this intelligence can represent the spatial world in the mind - pilots, sailors

48
Q

Explain logical-mathematical intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

logical mathematical is the ability to think logically and critically and solve problems, they engage in abstract reasoning - scientists and nobel prize winners

49
Q

Explain musical intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

musical is the capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns, people high on this intelligence are sensitive to sounds and vibrations and in creating new patterns or sound - singers, composers

50
Q

Explain bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

bodily-kinaesthetic is the ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively - athletes, dancers are high on this intelligence

51
Q

Explain interpersonal intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

interpersonal is the ability to understand the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people so as to bond into a comfortable relationship with others - psychologists, counsellors, politicians

52
Q

Explain intrapersonal intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

intrapersonal is the knowledge of one’s internal strengths and limitations and using that knowledge to effectively relate to others - philosophers and spiritual leaders

53
Q

Explain naturalistic intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory

A

naturalistic is the ability to identify features of the natural world and involves complete awareness of our relationship with nature, it is useful in recognising and differentiating btwn different species of flora and fauna - hunters, farmers

54
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by _______ in ______

A

Robert Sternberg in 1985

55
Q

Explain triarchic theory of intelligence

A

intelligence is viewed as the “ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”
three basic types of intelligences
contextual (street-smartness, ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis),
experiential (using past experiences to creatively solve novel problems)
componential (analysis of info to solve problems, 3-knowledge acquisition, meta/high order component, performance)

56
Q

People high on contextual/practical intelligence ______

A

easily adapt, select and manipulate their environment to fit their needs, so they are successful

57
Q

People high on experiential/creative intelligence ________

A

integrate diff experiences in an original way to make new discoveries and inventions, they find out what info is crutial in a situation

58
Q

People high on componential/analytical intelligence ________

A

think analytically and critically and succeed in schools

59
Q

PASS model of intelligence was developed by ______ in ____

A

J P Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby in 1994

60
Q

Explain PASS model of intelligence

A

intellectual activity involves interdependent functioning of three neurological systems (functional units of the brain)
arousal/attention - optimal level focuses attention
simultaneous - perceive relations btwn various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern
successive - remembering all info serially so that recall of one leads to recall of other
planning - possible courses of action, implementing them and evaluating effectiveness

61
Q

_______ developed the CAS

A

Das and Naglieri developed the Cognitive Assessment System

62
Q

What is Cognitive Assessment System?

A

Cognitive Assessment System consists of verbal and non-verbal tasks that measure basic cognitive functions that are independent of schooling
it can be used to remedy cognitive deficits of children with learning problems

63
Q

The PASS processes are _____ and ______ in nature

A

interactive and dynamic

64
Q

Cognitive Assessment System was meant for individuals between ____ and ____

A

5 and 18 years of age

65
Q

intelligence of identical twins reared together correlate almost ____
intelligence of identical twins reared separately correlate almost ____
intelligence of fraternal twins reared together correlate almost ____
intelligence of siblings reared together correlate almost _____
intelligence of siblings reared separately correlate almost ____

A

intelligence of identical twins reared together correlate almost 0.90
intelligence of identical twins reared separately correlate almost 0.72
intelligence of fraternal twins reared together correlate almost 0.60
intelligence of siblings reared together correlate almost 0.50
intelligence of siblings reared separately correlate almost 0.25

66
Q

Adopted children’s intelligence are similar to _____ parents and as they grow, it tends to move closer to those of _____ parents

A

biological, adoptive

67
Q

Intelligence is a product of complex interaction of ___ and ____

A

nature and nurture

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