Variations in Psychological Attributes Flashcards
What are individual differences?
it refers to the distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns
What is situationism?
it states that situations and circumstances experienced by a person plays an important role in one’s behaviour patterns
The _____ perspective views human behaviour relatively more as a result of influence of external factors
situationist
______ is the first step to understanding a psychological attribute
assessment
What is assessment?
it refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods
What can assessment be divided into?
formal and informal assessment
What are the characteristics of formal assessment?
objective, standardized, organized
What are the characteristics of informal assessment?
it varies from case to case, from one assessor to another and is open to subjective interpretations
Psychologists are trained in making ____________ of psychological attributes
formal assessment
Psychological assessment uses _______ to evaluate abilities, behaviours and personal qualities of individuals
systematic testing procedures
What is intelligence?
it is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges
What is aptitude?
it refers to a combination of characteristics that indicates individual’s capacity for acquiring skills and specific knowledge after training
What is interest?
it is the individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others
__________ refers to relatively enduring characteristics of a person that make them distinct from others
personality
_______ try to assess an individual’s unique characteristics
personality tests
__________ are enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour
values
Psychological attributes can be assessed on the basis of _______
intelligence, values, personality, aptitude, interest
What are the assessment methods?
psychological tests, interview, case study, observation, self-report
Psychological tests are _____
objective and standardised measure of individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics
What are psychological tests used for?
clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement and training
Interviews involve seeking information from a person on a ____ basis
one to one
What are case studies?
it is an in-depth study of an individual in terms of their psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of her psychosocial and physical environment
Observation involves employing _____, _______ and ______ procedures to record behaviour phenomena occurring naturally
systematic, organised and objective
What is self-report?
a method in which the person provides factual information about herself and/or opinions, beliefs etc
How is self report obtained?
it is obtained by using an interview schedule, a questionnaire, a psychological test or a personal diary
The Oxford dictionary explains intelligence as the power of ___
perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing (pluk)
What was Alfred Binet’s definition of intelligence?
the ability to judge well, understand well and reason well
Wechsler understood intelligence in terms of its ____
functionality i.e its value for adaptation to environment
What was Wechsler’s definition of intelligence?
the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully and to deal effectively with his/her environment
Gardner and Sternberg suggested that an intelligent individual adapts to the environment and actively modifies and shapes it
True/False
True
Theories of intelligence can be broadly classified into two. What are they?
the psychometric/structural approach
the information-processing approach
What does the psychometric approach consider intelligence as?
intelligence is an aggregate of abilities
it expresses an individuals’ performance in terms of an index of cognitive abilities
focuses on structure of intelligence
What does the information-processing approach consider intelligence as?
it describes the processes people use for intellectual reasoning and problem solving
focuses on how the person acts
involves cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour
Who theorised Uni/One factor theory of intelligence?
Alfred Binet
Assertion: Binet’s theory was rather simple, consisting of one similar set of abilities
Reason: It arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent people from less intelligent people
Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
Explain Uni/One factor theory of intelligence
it conceptualised intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used to solve any problem in an individual’s environment
Charles Spearman proposed _________ theory of intelligence in ___
two- factor theory
1927
Explain two-factor theory
intelligence consists of a general factor (g-factor) and some specific factors (s-factors). G-factor includes primary mental operations . S-factors are specific abilities that help them excel in other domains
Who proposed theory of primary mental abilities?
Louis Thurstone
What does theory of primary mental abilities state?
intelligence consists of seven primary abilities that’s independent of each other
- verbal comprehension (understanding meaning of words, concepts and ideas)
- numerical abilities
- spatial relations (visualisation of patterns and forms)
- perceptual speed
- word fluency
- memory
- inductive reasoning (deriving general rules from present facts)
What was the theory proposed by Arthur Jensen?
Hierarchical model
has abilities operating at two levels
Level I - associative learning where output is more or less similar to input (rote learning)
Level II - cognitive competency of high order skills where input is transformed to produce effective output
What was the theory proposed by J P Guilford?
structure of intellect model
intellectual traits are of three dimensions
operations (what respondent does)
contents (nature of info or materials on which operations are performed)
products (form in which information is processed)
1) Examples of contents are _______
2) Examples of operations are _______
3) Examples of products are _______
1) visual, auditory, semantic, behavioural etc
2) cognition, memory, divergent and convergent production, memory retention, evaluation
3) units, classes, relations, systems, transformation
When was the structure of model theory proposed and by whom?
How many categories does the model have?
It was proposed in 1988 by J P Guilford
It has 6x5x6 categories i.e the model has 180 cells with one or more factor each
What was the theory of multiple intelligences?
It was proposed by Howard Gardner
Here, intelligence is not a single entity, it has distinct types and each intelligences are independent of each other. The different intelligences interact and work together to solve a problem.
There are eight, linguistic, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial
Explain linguistic intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
linguistic is the capacity to use language fluently and flexibly to express one’s thinking and understand each other, ppl high on linguistic intelligence are word-smart - poets and writers
Explain spatial intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
spatial is the abilities involved in forming, using and transforming mental images, ppl high on this intelligence can represent the spatial world in the mind - pilots, sailors
Explain logical-mathematical intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
logical mathematical is the ability to think logically and critically and solve problems, they engage in abstract reasoning - scientists and nobel prize winners
Explain musical intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
musical is the capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns, people high on this intelligence are sensitive to sounds and vibrations and in creating new patterns or sound - singers, composers
Explain bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
bodily-kinaesthetic is the ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively - athletes, dancers are high on this intelligence
Explain interpersonal intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
interpersonal is the ability to understand the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people so as to bond into a comfortable relationship with others - psychologists, counsellors, politicians
Explain intrapersonal intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
intrapersonal is the knowledge of one’s internal strengths and limitations and using that knowledge to effectively relate to others - philosophers and spiritual leaders
Explain naturalistic intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory
naturalistic is the ability to identify features of the natural world and involves complete awareness of our relationship with nature, it is useful in recognising and differentiating btwn different species of flora and fauna - hunters, farmers
Triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by _______ in ______
Robert Sternberg in 1985
Explain triarchic theory of intelligence
intelligence is viewed as the “ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”
three basic types of intelligences
contextual (street-smartness, ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis),
experiential (using past experiences to creatively solve novel problems)
componential (analysis of info to solve problems, 3-knowledge acquisition, meta/high order component, performance)
People high on contextual/practical intelligence ______
easily adapt, select and manipulate their environment to fit their needs, so they are successful
People high on experiential/creative intelligence ________
integrate diff experiences in an original way to make new discoveries and inventions, they find out what info is crutial in a situation
People high on componential/analytical intelligence ________
think analytically and critically and succeed in schools
PASS model of intelligence was developed by ______ in ____
J P Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby in 1994
Explain PASS model of intelligence
intellectual activity involves interdependent functioning of three neurological systems (functional units of the brain)
arousal/attention - optimal level focuses attention
simultaneous - perceive relations btwn various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern
successive - remembering all info serially so that recall of one leads to recall of other
planning - possible courses of action, implementing them and evaluating effectiveness
_______ developed the CAS
Das and Naglieri developed the Cognitive Assessment System
What is Cognitive Assessment System?
Cognitive Assessment System consists of verbal and non-verbal tasks that measure basic cognitive functions that are independent of schooling
it can be used to remedy cognitive deficits of children with learning problems
The PASS processes are _____ and ______ in nature
interactive and dynamic
Cognitive Assessment System was meant for individuals between ____ and ____
5 and 18 years of age
intelligence of identical twins reared together correlate almost ____
intelligence of identical twins reared separately correlate almost ____
intelligence of fraternal twins reared together correlate almost ____
intelligence of siblings reared together correlate almost _____
intelligence of siblings reared separately correlate almost ____
intelligence of identical twins reared together correlate almost 0.90
intelligence of identical twins reared separately correlate almost 0.72
intelligence of fraternal twins reared together correlate almost 0.60
intelligence of siblings reared together correlate almost 0.50
intelligence of siblings reared separately correlate almost 0.25
Adopted children’s intelligence are similar to _____ parents and as they grow, it tends to move closer to those of _____ parents
biological, adoptive
Intelligence is a product of complex interaction of ___ and ____
nature and nurture
