Variations in genome structure--> prokaryotes 3 Flashcards
What is a pangenome?
The entire set of genes within a species
What does the pangenome include?
Core and accessory genomes
Do pro or eu have a more open pangenome?
Pro
Why have two strains of the same species have v different gene content?
DIfferences in large accessory genomes
What causes large differences in metabolic traits and antibiotic resistance in the same species?
Differences in individuals accessory genomes
What is an open pangenome driven by?
HGT,rapid growth, high rate of replication errors
What is a metagenome?
the combined genetic material of all microbes in a community
What is metabolic coorperation?
One microbes byproducts may serve as another microbes nutrients
Human example of a metagenome?
Human microbiome
What are obligate intracellular bacteria?
a group of bacteria that can only survive and reproduce within the cells of a host organism
What is the endosymbiotic theory general idea?
Organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to some prokaryotes
Why was it first thought that chloroplasts originated as a prokaryote?
They looked similar to cyanobacteria down a microscope
Endosymbiont theory in detail?
1 bill yr ago an anaerobic eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic eubacterial cell via endocytosis
Aerobic endosymbiont then evolved into mitochondria
How many copies of the mitochondrial genome can a mitochondria contain?
Multiple
Structure of mtDNA?
Circular
How do mitochondria replicate their DNA?
Separately to the main DNA
How are mitochondria passed down?
They divide independently from the cell cycle, and are then segregated randomly among daughter cells during cell division
What has happened to mitochondrial genes over time?
They have migrated to the nucleus
Mitochondrial & chloroplast inheritance?
They re inherited exclusively from the female parent
Where are maternal mitochondria found b4 they are passed down?
Maternal cytoplasm
Why can mitochondrial inheritance be used to trace human ancestry?
They are only inherited from the mother, and have a low mutation rate
Who is mitochondrial eve?
Most recent common ancestor of all humans, traced via maternal mtDNA
