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AH Biology > Variation & Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Variation & Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The process of producing new living organisms by combining genetic information from 2 individuals of different types/sexes

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2
Q

Costs of sexual reproduction

A

Males are unable to produce offspring (only females can)
Only half of each parents genome is passed onto offspring, disrupting successful parental genomes

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3
Q

Benefit of sexual reproduction

A

Increase in genetic variation in the population (benefit outweighs the costs)

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4
Q

Genetic variation provides…

A

Raw material required for adaption, therefore gives sexually reproducing organisms a better chance of survival under changing selection pressures

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5
Q

The Red Queen hypothesis can explain …

A

Persistence of sexual reproduction as the co-evolutionary interactions between parasites and hosts may select for sexually reproducing hosts

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6
Q

What leads to greater fitness?

A

Hosts better able to resist to tolerate parasitism
Parasites better able to feed, reproduce and find new hosts

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7
Q

How does genetic variability (as a result of reproducing sexually) affect offspring?

A

Reduces the chances that all will be susceptible to infection by parasites

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8
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A
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9
Q

Costs of asexual reproduction

A

Genetic variation of population is low

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10
Q

Benefit of asexual reproduction

A

Offspring can be reproduced more often and in larger numbers

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11
Q

Why can asexual reproduction be a successful reproduction strategy?

A

Whole genomes are passed on from parent to offspring

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12
Q

Just one parent can…

A

Produce daughter cells and establish a colony of virtually unlimited size over time

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13
Q

Maintaining the genome of the parent is an advantage particularly in…

A

Very narrow, stable niches or when re-colonising disturbed habitats

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14
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Reproduction from a female gamete without fertilisation

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15
Q

Parthenogenesis is more common in…

A

Cooler climates as this is disadvantageous to parasites
Regions of low parasite density and diversity

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16
Q

Example of asexual reproduction in eukaryotes

A

Vegetative cloning in plants and parthenogenesis in lower plants and animals

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17
Q

Asexually reproducing populations are not able to…

A

Adapt easily to changes in their environment but mutations can occur that provide some degree of variation and enable some natural selection and evolution to occur

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18
Q

Asexually reproducing organisms often have mechanisms for…

A

Horizontal gene transfer between individuals to increase variation

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19
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The division of the nucleus that results in the formation of haploid gametes from a diploid gametocyte

20
Q

What are 2 chromosome in a pair known as?

A

Homologous chromosomes

21
Q

All body cells are…

A

Diploid- 2 chromosomes, 1 set each from male and female parent

22
Q

Gametes are…

A

Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes

23
Q

Homologous chromosomes have the same…

A

Size, centromere position, sequence of genes at the same loci

24
Q

Fertilisation occurs when…

A

Haploid nuclei of 2 gametes fuse together to form a diploid nucleus

25
Q

What does combining haploid gametes of 2 different individuals result in?

A

New combination of alleles in offspring which increases variation

26
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

When each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently of other pairs, irrespective of their maternal or paternal origin

27
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

Each of the 2 cells produced in meiosis I undergoes a further division during which the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated, producing a total of 4 haploid cells

28
Q

What is the sex of birds, mammals and some insects determined by?

A

Presence of sex chromosomes

29
Q

In live-bearing mammals females have… while males have…

A

Homologous pair of chromosomes (XX)
One X and a smaller Y (XY)

30
Q

What are the genetic factors that determine sex?

A

Sex chromosomes
Sex-linked inheritance
Inactivation

31
Q

What does homogametic mean?

A

Females produce all gametes with the same combination of chromosomes

32
Q

What does heterogametic mean?

A

Males produce gametes with 2 possible combinations of chromosomes

33
Q

What is the default setting for human embryonic development?

A

To become female

34
Q

What determines the development of male characteristics in most mammals?

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome (sex determining region of Y chromosome)

35
Q

Sex and sex ratio can also be determined by…

A

Environmental factors

36
Q

Example of environmental factor

A

Environmental sex determination in reptiles is controlled by environmental temperature of egg incubation

37
Q

Sex can change within individuals of some species as a result of…

A

Size
Competition
Parasitic infection

38
Q

How is the sex ratio of offspring adjusted in some species?

A

In response to resource availability

39
Q

Sex-linked inheritance…

A

Heterogametic males lack most of the corresponding homologous chromosomes on the shorter Y chromosome

40
Q

What is inactivation?

A

In homogametic females one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated at an early stage of development

41
Q

What does inactivation prevent?

A

Double dose of gene products which could be harmful to cells e.g. production of harmful protein

42
Q

Inactivation is a…

A

Random process as half of the cells in any given tissue will have a working copy of that gene (other is inactive)

43
Q

Carriers are less likely to…

A

Be affected by any deleterious mutations on these X chromosomes

44
Q

What are hermaphrodites?

A

Species that have functioning male and female reproductive organs in each individual

45
Q

Benefit of having functioning male and female reproductive organs

A

If chance of encountering a partner is an uncommon event, there is no requirement for that partner to be of the opposite sex

AH Biology (13 decks)

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