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English A level > variation over time > Flashcards

variation over time Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

context

A

mode
field
function
audience

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2
Q

deixis

A

pointing - non verbal forms of speech

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3
Q

anglo saxon

A

1
simple everyday words
christianity - brought back latin
2000 new words

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4
Q

the Norman conquest

A 
2
people in power - French
people in church - latin
common - English
French language - judge, jury
10000 new words
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5
Q

shakespeare

A

3

English language became rich and vibrant

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6
Q

the king James bible

A

4

new translation of the bible - into english

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7
Q

the English of science

A

5
scientists all spoke English
made new scientific words e.g. acid

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8
Q

the English & empire

A

6

took many new words from other countries

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9
Q

the age of the dictionary

A

7
70 years - to make a new dictionary
4 different people

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10
Q

American english

A

8
new language of capitalism
business and music

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11
Q

internet English

A

9
abbreviations
btw, lol, yolo, fyi

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12
Q

global english

A

10
became a fully formed language
1.5 billon people speak English

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13
Q

what causes lexical change?

A 
new inventions
wars/invasions
prominent people
standardisation
globalisation
social/cultural change
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14
Q

how are new words created

?

A

borrowed from other countries
neologism - completely new word invented
eponym (sandwich) and proprietary names (hoover) can be used to name things
abbreviations - acronyms, clippings, initialism
compounding and blending

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15
Q

semantic change

A 
amelioration
pejoration
weakening
narrowing
broadening
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16
Q

amelioration

A

a word takes on a more positive meaning, gaining status

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17
Q

pejoration

A

a word takes on a more negative meaning, losing status

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18
Q

weakening

A

generalisation
shit - faeces
but now its used in everyday life
tragedy - a massive terrible event but now is used on a day to day basis

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19
Q

narrowing

A 
specialisation
apple used to mean fruit
now its a type of fruit
girl used to mean young person
now its a female young person
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20
Q

broadening

A

proprietary names - hoover

business - used to refer just to the state of being busy

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21
Q

metaphor

A

a word acquires new meanings - bug in the system

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22
Q

euphemism

A

a way of describing something in a more pleasant way

passed away

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23
Q

idiom

A

an expression that can’t be understood through its literal translation
its raining cats and dogs

24
Q

pronunciation change influenced by spelling

A

age

25
Q

pronunciation affected by grammatical choices

A

the former are becoming less and less common, particularly among young speakers
an otel - a hotel

26
Q

why have speech styles chnaged?

A

ease of articulation
- we make things easier to say
social prestige and changes in society
- less regional variation due to more movement

27
Q

accommodation theory

A

reduce the social distance

28
Q

convergence

A

when we adapt our language depending on who we talk to

29
Q

divergence

A

when we move further away

30
Q

upwards

A

towards RP

31
Q

downwards

A

towards a regional or sociolectal variation

32
Q

fairclough

A

this move is part of conversationalism

33
Q

judgements about regional accents

A

Freebom
the incorrectness view - this links to RP being viewed as the accent of standard English
the ugliness view - some accents don’t sound nice - often links to stereotypes
the impreciseness view - some accents are seen as sloppy or lazy

34
Q

standardisation

A

the process of making something conform to a standard

e.g. in production - there are norms e.g. typical sizes of soft drinks

35
Q

what has been standardised?

A

spelling
lexis and semantics
syntax
handwriting

36
Q

the background of standardisation

A

the renaissance - revival of learning
growth of capitalism - new social classes
the reformation - breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church
the rise of the humanist science
transition from a medieval to a modern society

37
Q

orthography

A

spelling

38
Q

reasons for orthographical change

A

technological
standardisation
influences from other languages
phonological

39
Q

phoneme

A

a unit of sound

40
Q

grapheme

A

how it is written (letter)

41
Q

the great vowel shift

A

gradual shift
affected the pronunciation of long vowels
hoose - house

42
Q

why did the great vowel shift happen?

A

southern - east
movement of people
change in English rule by the french (English may have wanted to sound different to the French)

43
Q

phonological factors

A

great vowel shift
many words ended in silent ‘e’ e.g. male and rule
now it just indicates a long vowel sound
some letters were printed with ligatures - hard to print so was dropped

44
Q

technological factors

A

printing- the long s died out
printers might’ve dropped some letters if the text didn’t fit on a line
or they might’ve added the in because they were paid by the letter

45
Q

standardisation

A

renaissance - scholars tried to make English more like Classical Greek and latin
e.g det - debt

46
Q

influences from other languages

A

borrowings affects spellings
silent letters from greek - psychology
germanic influences - word endings like ‘due’ and ‘tch’

47
Q

punctuation change

A

caxton used the full stop

and the colon

48
Q

pragmatics

A

the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used

49
Q

historic gendered language features

A

‘he’ used to represent either gender in 18th century writing
generic man - ‘mankind’
male first - mr and mrs
occupational suffixes - waitress and actress

50
Q

some changes in gender

A

‘they’ used as a gender neutral singular pronoun, or ‘he/she’
using non gendered occupational titles - police officer and head teacher

51
Q

the Sapir - wharf hypothesis

A

the way we learn language changes the way we perceive reality

52
Q

linguistic relatively

A

cultures see the world in different ways, and language is used to encode this difference

53
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the way we perceive the world influences not only our language, but the way we think

54
Q

AO2 concepts and issues

A 
in formalisation
unequal tenor
genre change
technological change
power
55
Q

features that have declined during the late modern period

A 
from of the subjunctive
e.g. if I were you
using the passive voice (by who?)
epistemic modal verb shall
relative clause
he as a gender neutral third person
whom as an object pronoun
56
Q

features that have increased in modern usage

A

the progressive aspect - verbs ending in ‘ing’
I’m making
phrasal verbs e.g. stand b
semi-modal verbs e.g. need to
omission of the definite singer e.g. world - famous singer
pronoun change ‘they’ to mean singular non defined gender

English A level (3 decks)

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