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Biology Foundation > Variation, Classification and Natural Selection > Flashcards

Variation, Classification and Natural Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

what does evolution suggest?

A

that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor as a result of mutation and natural selection, leading to speciation

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2
Q

what is a phylogenetic group?

A

a group organisms are placed in according to their evolutionary history

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3
Q

what defines a species?

A

individuals can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

what falls into a Genus?

A

several species which have some features in common

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5
Q

what are the taxonomic groupings in descending order of size?

A 
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY 
GENUS
SPECIES
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6
Q

What are the features of taxonomic classification?

A
  • a hierarchy (large groups containing smaller groups)
  • no overlap between these groups
  • organisms share a common evolutionary history
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7
Q

what are homologous features?

A

the characteristics used to define a given group

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8
Q

what are types of homologous features?

A
  • similar biological structures
  • details of embryological development
  • shared biochemistry (e.g. metabolic pathways, protein structure/amino acid sequence)
  • DNA sequences
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9
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  1. Animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Protoctista
  5. Prokaryotae
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10
Q

what does the kingdom animalia include?

A
  • all 5 classes of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish)
  • invertebrates (insects and other arthropods, molluscs, segmented worms, roundworms, tapeworms/flukes and jellyfish)
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11
Q

what are features of the organisms of kingdom animalia?

A
  • eukaryotic and multicellular
  • have no cell walls
  • cannot make food (heterotrophic)
  • have muscles and nervous systems
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12
Q

what does the kingdom plantae include?

A

flowering plants, conifers and ferns along with much simpler plants such as mosses and liverworts (not algae/seaweeds)

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13
Q

what are features of the kingdom plantae?

A
  • eukaryotic and multicellular
  • cell walls made from cellulose
  • usually large vacuole in mature cells
  • most have leaves, stems and roots
  • most possess chlorophyll and make food by photosynthesis (autotrophic)
  • few are modified to parasitic way of life
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14
Q

what is included in the kingdom fungi?

A

filamentous fungi and yeasts

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15
Q

what are the features of the kingdom fungi?

A
  • single celled fungi called yeasts
  • eukaryotic but multicellular fungi do not have separate cells, nuclei dotted around in tissue
  • cell walls contain chitin
  • feed by extracellular digestion, secreting enzymes onto food and absorbing soluble products
  • most feed on dead material (saprotrophic)
  • some parasitic causing damage to the host
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16
Q

What does the Kingdom protoctista include?

A

single cells protozoans such as amoeba, plasmodium, algae (including seaweed) and sponges

17
Q

what features do kingdom protoctista have?

A
  • seem to have very little in common, assembly of organisms that couldn’t be put into any other kingdom (taxonomic dustbin)
  • based on ancestry and evolutionary relationships
  • cells are eukaryotic but show a diversity of cell types
  • feed in a variety of ways
18
Q

what is included in the kingdom prokaryotae?

A
  • bacteria

- single celled prokaryotic organisms

19
Q

what are the features of kingdom prokaryotae?

A
  • cells are much smaller than that of eukaryotes
  • most feed by extracellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing the soluble products
  • most feed on dead material (saprotrophs), some parasitic
  • cyanobacteria are photosynthetic
    reproduce mainly by binary fission, but can reproduce sexually
20
Q

what are the 2 types of variation?

A

continuous variation

discontinuous variation

21
Q

what are polygenic traits?

A
  • traits controlled by two or more separate gene pairs
22
Q

what are some examples of polygenic traits?

A
  • height
  • eye colour
  • intelligence
  • skin colour
  • many forms of behaviour
23
Q

What are the 5 features of polygenic traits?

A
  1. not expressed as absolute or discrete characters

2.

Biology Foundation (5 decks)

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