variation and evolution

Question 1

what is variation

Answer 1

the differences between the chracteristics of individuals within the same species

Question 2

what is a mutation

Answer 2

a random change to DNA

Question 3

what is evolution

Answer 3

the change in inhertied characteristics of a population over time due to natural selection

Question 4

how can we conduct selective breeding

Answer 4

first take two organisms with the desired chracteristics and then breed them together. Repeat process until all of the population has the desired characteristics

Question 5

what is inbreeding

Answer 5

when closely related animals or plants have been bred together and this causes certain inherited disorders

Question 6

what is an example of where genetic engineering is used

Answer 6

genes from humans are extracted from humans and inserted into bacterium. This can be used in insulin production

Question 7

how do we carry out genetic engineering

Answer 7

first we identify a gene that we need to transfer and then use enzymes to isolate the gene. Then transfer the gene into a plasmid (or use a virus). These are called vectors as they transfer genes into the cells of the target organism. We need to transfer the gene at an early stage in the organisms development to make sure all of the cell have the gene

Question 8

what is an advantage of plant cloning

Answer 8

we know the specific characteristics of that plant and

Question 9

how can we clone plants using cutting

Answer 9

use a cutting of a plant and dip the end in rooting powder to produce a genetically identical clone from the plant.

Question 10

how can we use a tissue culture in order to clone plants

Answer 10

first split a plant into small peices containing lots of cells. supply the plants with plant hormones in order for them to grow and fully develop into clones. Ensure the conditions are sterile. This allows use to produce thousands of genetically identical plants at once and allows us to preserve plant species

Question 11

how do we produce clones of animals

Answer 11

start with a sperm and egg from the organisms with desired characteristic and allow it to develop into an embryo making sure none of the cells have become specialised. Then use a glass rod to split it in two. Finally transplant these back into their mothers

Question 12

what is the drawback of embryo cloning

Answer 12

we cannot guarantee certain characteristics

Question 13

how can we conduct adult cell cloning

Answer 13

first remove a skin cell and remove the nucleus from it

Question 14

what is darwins theory of evolution

Answer 14

darwins theory of evolution by natural selection states that species with desirable chracteristics are more likely to survive and breed causing the offsprings to have their characteristics causing a change to the population overtime

Question 15

why was darwins theory not accepted

Answer 15

due to religion and his theory challenging religion

Question 16

how does a new species form

Answer 16

first a geographical barrier forms seperating the species. Then as mutations occur altering the species on either side of the barrier forming two seperate species

Question 17

what did mendel notice when breeding plants together

Answer 17

that characteristics were not blended together instead these characteristics are determined by inherited units (genes) and that some characteristics can be masked and apper in later generation (recessive allels)

Question 18

how do fossils form

Answer 18

when parts of an organism does not decay
if parts of the organism is slowly replaced by minerals while decaying
or preserved traces of organisms

Question 19

why are their no fossils of early organisms

Answer 19

early organisms have soft bodies

Question 20

how does antibiotic resistance happen

Answer 20

first a mutation occurs to make a bacterium resistant to antibiotics and then this bacterium undergoes binary fission

Question 21

what are the catergories of classification

Answer 21

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 22

how do you name an organism from its classification

Answer 22

by using the Genus and the Species