Variation

Question 1

What is Microevolution?

Answer 1

Short term changes within a species over a few generations

Question 1

List the 4 evolutionary processes

Answer 1

1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation
3. Gene Flow
4. Genetic Drift

Question 2

What is a polytypic species?

Answer 2

A species composed of local populations that express different traits

Question 3

List 5 Static Races according to Blumenbach

Answer 3

1. Caucasoid
2. Mongoloid
3. Malay
4. Ethiopian
5. American Indian

Question 4

What is Neo-Darwinism (MES)

Answer 4

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis- combined Darwin’s natural selection and Mendel’s hereditary concepts and recognizes that humans are all one species

Question 5

What is a cline?

Answer 5

Gradual change in phenotypes between populations

Question 6

What causes a cline?

Answer 6

Environmental pressures and gene flow from neighbouring populations

Question 7

What is Evolutionary Genomics?

Answer 7

Assessing the difference in genomes between related species in an attempt to show lineage and evolutionary timeline of species

Question 8

What is a haplotype?

Answer 8

Group of alleles that are inherited together. Correspond to ethnicity in terms of social history and migration patterns.

Question 9

What is a disease marker?

Answer 9

A genetic marker for various diseases that is linked to ancestry.

Question 10

What causes phenotype variation?

Answer 10

Genes and Environment

Question 11

List the 3 types of natural selection

Answer 11

1. Directional Selection
2. Stabilizing Selection
3. Disruptive Selection

Question 12

What is Directional Selection. Example?

Answer 12

Drives a trait to one extreme while acting against the other extreme. Peppered moth

Question 13

What is Stabilizing Selection? Example?

Answer 13

Drives a trait to the average while acting against the extremes. Peacock tails

Question 14

What is Disruptive Selection? Example?

Answer 14

Drives a trait to both extremes while acting against the average. Rocket Pocket mice

Question 15

What is adaptation?

Answer 15

The mutual shaping of organisms and their environment to reach homeostasis

Question 16

Lis 4 types of Adaptations

Answer 16

1. Genetic Adaptations
2. Developmental Adaptations
3. Short-term Adaptations
4. Cultural Adaptations

Question 17

What is a Genetic adaptation? Example?

Answer 17

Irreversible biological change that alters allele frequency and happens at a population level via mutation, natural selection, and inheritance. Sherpa people

Question 18

What is a Developmental adaptation? Example?

Answer 18

Sometimes irreversible biological change that doesn’t alter allele frequency and happens at an individual level. Ribcage size

Question 19

What is a Short-term adaptation? Example?

Answer 19

Completely reversible change that does not affect alleles and genes and happens at an individual level. Red blood cell count

Question 20

What is a Cultural adaptation? Example?

Answer 20

Change of behaviour and use of material culture due to environmental conditions that doesn’t change allele frequency. Oxygen

Question 21

What is niche construction?

Answer 21

When an organism modifies the environment to make it suitable to live in

Question 22

List 3 biocultural adaptations

Answer 22

1. Skin Colour
2. Body Size
3. Disease

Question 23

3 stages of skin adaptation to UV exposure

Answer 23

first exposure - acclimatization - tanning
prolonged exposure - developmental - skin thickening
generational exposure - darker pigmentation

Question 24

What is Bergmann’s rule?

Answer 24

Smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, while larger bodies are adapted to cold environments.

Question 25

What is Allen’s rule?

Answer 25

Longer limbs are adapted to hot environments, while shorter limbs are adapted to cold environments

Question 26

2 Heterozygous (AS) parents chances

Answer 26

25% AA - die of malaria
25% SS - die of sickle cell
50% AS - healthy