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VAP > VAP TEST LECTURES 1-9 (no embryology) > Flashcards

VAP TEST LECTURES 1-9 (no embryology) Flashcards

1
Q

Flexion

A

shorten limb and reduce (less than 180 degrees) flexor angle

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2
Q

Extension

A

lengthen limb to increase flexor angle

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3
Q

Walk

A

four beat gait. LH, LF, RH, RF

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4
Q

Trot

A

two beat gait. LH and RF then LF and RH

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5
Q

Canter

A

three beat gait. LH and RF then LF then RH

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6
Q

Transverse gallop

A

four beat gait with all 4 feet suspended at one point. Very fact but not for long. LH, RH, LF, RF

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7
Q

Rotating gallop

A

four beat gait in dogs/cheetahs. LH, RH, RF, LF

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8
Q

Pace

A

two beat gait can be trained in horses. Walk in same side pairs. Natural in camels

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9
Q

One beat gait

A

totting, pronking. Springboks do to demonstrate fitness

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10
Q

Plantigrade

A

walking on soles of feet

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11
Q

Digitigrade

A

walking on balls of feet

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12
Q

Unguligrade

A

walking on hooves

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13
Q

Powered rolling

A

pangolin

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14
Q

Trunchobracial junction

A
  • Detachment of the forelimb from the body i.e no bony articulation
  • Connected by muscle instead e.g serratus ventralis attaches thorax to the limb (therefore difficult to measure horses’ heights)
  • Scapula ‘glides’ over lateral thoracic wall and rotates to increase stride length during exercise
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15
Q

Which species has vestigial clavicle

A

Cat/rabbit

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16
Q

Horse names for: carpus, metacarpophalangeal joints, region between this and hoof, distal interphalangeal joint

A

the knee, the fetlocks, the pastern, the pedal/coffin joint

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17
Q

Difference in humerus in muscular animals

A

larger tuberosities for greater muscle attachment

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18
Q

Types of muscle

A
  • Skeletal striated (very regular muscle fibres)
  • Cardiac striated (less orderly)
  • Smooth (no fibres. Cells)
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19
Q

Muscle architecture

A
  • 1 muscle -> many fascicles
  • 1 fascicle -> many muscle fibres
  • 1 fibre -> 1 multinucleate syncytium (a long cylindrical tube from cells joined together)
     Within each fibre: many intracellular longitudinal myofibrils each divided into repeating transverse sarcomeres. Each sarcomere can contract a certain distance and all added together works out range of muscle.
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20
Q

Extrinsic muscle meaning

A

Trunk to limb (often strap since no leverage)

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21
Q

Intrinsic muscle meaning

A

Within limb (often pennate i.e tendons arranged to have lots of short myofibrils so cant contract far but can contract forcefully)

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22
Q

Epimysium

A

fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds each muscle. Outer layer

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23
Q

Fascial tunnels

A

EXTERNAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Tight fibrous tubes that contain muscles in a fixed volume – useful for venous and lymphatic return
- Divert semi-sharp trauma (contracted muscle in tight tube is firm and protected against injury)

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24
Q

Synergist muscles

A

Prevent other muscles being impaired

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25
Q

Capsular muscles

A

Stabilise joint capsule

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26
Q

Ligamentar muscles

A

Constrain movement to keep motion in correct plane

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27
Q

Equation for torque

A

Toque = force x perpendicular distance from pivot

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28
Q

Tendons

A

A strong fibrous continuation of the epi, peri, and endo-mysia at the ends of a muscle
Dense collagen. Generally connects muscle to bone

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29
Q

Funicular

A

Cord like tendons

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30
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad sheet like tendons

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31
Q

Role of tendons

A

1) Direct muscular force (telegraph, focus, distribute)
2) Store and release elastic potential energy
3) Absorb sudden forces (protects muscle and bone)
4) Amplify very rapid movement (resonance)

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32
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Form in tendons (occasionally ligaments too)
Prevent flattening and reduce friction.
Increase distance of tendon from pivot by pulling it out, increasing perpendicular distance so increasing toque

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33
Q

Synovial bursa

A

Bags of fluid to lubricate movement of tendon over bone. May connect to a joint space

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34
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immobile joints give stability

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35
Q

Synostosis

A

Type of synarthroses. Bone (mature skull, mature pelvis). Fused together bones. No movement

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36
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Type of synarthroses. - Synchondrosis: Cartilage (growth plates) within bone

37
Q

Symphysis

A

Type of synarthroses. Fibrocartilage (early pelvic, mandibular). Some movement

38
Q

Syndesmois

A

Type of synarthroses. Fibrous attachment between bones (early skull)

39
Q

Gomphosis:

A

Type of synarthroses. Firbrous tooth socket

40
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A
  • Intervertebral joints -> composite joints including one symphysis and two diarthroses
41
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Synovial joints. More mobile with fluid and cartilage

42
Q

Hinge (ginglymus)

A

Move about one axis so in one plane e.g hock, elbow. Some hinge joints (e.g. horse elbow) are ‘snap joints’ – at a high energy state in an intermediate position. Ovoid rather than circular so collateral ligament pulled taut in intermediate. Prefer being flexed or extended. Snaps between states

43
Q

Pivot (trochoid)

A

e.g c1/c2 joint for twisting head. One axis that is longtitudinal to bone.

44
Q

Saddle (sellar)

A

2 axis e.g interphalangeal

45
Q

Ellipsoidal

A

2 axis e.g antebrachiocarpal joint

46
Q

Ball and socket (enarthrosis)

A

3 axis

47
Q

Planar, sliding (arthrosis)

A

e.g intercarpals, intertarsals. Translation not rotation

48
Q

Synovial membrane:

A
  • Glistening pink, many vessels and nerves
  • Often incomplete, no basement membrane Synoviocytes type A (phagocytic) and B (secretory)
  • Often large pouches to allow movement
49
Q

Synovial fluid

A
  • Secreted by membrane
  • Plasma ultrafiltrate + hyaluronate (long-chain glycosaminoglycan)
  • Lubricant, nutritive (gases/glucose)
50
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • Not just hyaline - Varies in fibrous content
  • 1mm in dog, several in ungulates
  • No vessels or nerves – fed by synovial fossa diffusion – 1. fluid 2. capsule 3. bone
  • Arcade arrangement of collagen – tangential fibres superficially, perpendicular deeper
51
Q

To remember when giving Baytril (enrofloxacin)

A

Causes abnormal development of articular cartilage in growing animals

52
Q

Joint capsules

A

Fibrous capsule attaches to periosteum
Continuous with articular cartilage
Supports joint: often thickened into ligaments (‘bone-to- bone’) – e.g. collateral ligaments restrict to one plane
Much innervation: proprioception (sensation of where limbs are in space), respiratory reflexes

53
Q

Ligaments

A

Bone to bone

54
Q

Discs/menisci

A 
o	Discs and menisci are fibro- cartilage ingrowths from capsule 
o	disc (complete): e.g jaw joints 
o	menisci (incomplete): e.g stifle 
o	Allocate different movements to different compartments (acts as two joints
55
Q

Labra

A

Fibrocartilaginous lips which deepen and extend the socket in ball and socket joints– e.g. hip socket

56
Q

Fat pads

A

lie between synovial membrane and capsule

57
Q

Fibroblast

A

Makes fibrous tissue

58
Q

Chondroblast

A

Makes cartilage (resting state chondrocyte in lacunae)

59
Q

Osteoblast

A

Makes bone (resting state osteocyte in lacunae)

60
Q

Types of cartilage

A

1) Hyaline skeletal: Simplest, may mineralise in old age. Found in upper respiratory tract and ventral ribs.
2) Elastic skeletal: Contains elastin fibres too. Found in external ear and upper respiratory tract.
3) Fibrocartilage skeletal: Alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and collagen. Found in intervertebral discs, symphyses, scuta, labra, menisci and discs.
4) Articular cartilage: Complex partly fibrous/partly hyaline form. Found in joints
5) Hyaline ‘model’ is a precursor for bone development

61
Q

Osteoid

A

Bone matrix

1/3 is organic: type 1 collagen
2/3 is hydroxyapatite with adsorbed calcium carbonate i.e mix of calcium salts

62
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells which break down bone to allow reformation and reabsorption of calcium.  Bone formation/ destruction is controlled hormonally by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D.
Multinucleate and short lived

63
Q

Axial

A

Spine

64
Q

Appendicular

A

Limbs

65
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

66
Q

Post cranial

A

Non skull

67
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Light, spongy bone with much less mineral. Still strong. Soft tissue between spicules. Parallel and perpendicular fibres of spicules to force applied.

68
Q

Marrow and air spaces

A

 Red marrow: haemopoietic makes blood cells
 Yellow marrow: adipose tissue (fat). Found in extremities of body from halfway down arm and leg. Want lighter marrow is distal bones for movement.
 Pneumatised: some animals fill bones with air e.g vulture metacarpu

69
Q

Compact bone

A

Constantly remodelled, yielding many parallel cylinders – ‘osteons’. Each cylinder based around a Haversian canal (from osteoclast erosion). Canal carries vessels and nerves and connects to marrow cavity. Interconnected by oblique connecting tubes called Volkmann’s canals

70
Q

Periosteum

A

lines bone

  • Major role in bone formation
  • Tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to it (not directly to bone)
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
  • Major role in bone repair i.e post fracture
71
Q

Parts of spine

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

72
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Species are generally stable changing very little which is then punctuated by rapid change to create new species leaving few fossils behind (explains lack of intermediate fossils)

73
Q

Hopeful monsters

A

Organisms with a profound mutant phenotype with potential to establish new evolutionary lineage

74
Q

Convergent evolution

A

2 distantly related species develop similar characterics despite not being related -> independent evolution e.g due to similar conditions
 E.g myoglobin in whales and moles is similar due to living in low O2 conditions

75
Q

Clades

A

Contain ‘all descendants of a single common ancestors’ and are defined by a shared derived characteristic from the ancestor (not present in more distant relatives not in clade)

76
Q

Conditions for domestication:

A
  • Rapid growth
  • Flexible diet
  • Breed in captivity
  • Calm
  • No strict social hierarchy (therefore can separate groups)
77
Q

Results of domestication

A
  • Fat deposits
  • Reduced weaponry
  • Smaller brain
  • Neoteny (juveline characteristics)
78
Q

Dogs ancestor

A

20-40,000 B.C.

Derive variously from Eurasian, Indian and Chinese wolves

79
Q

Sheep ancestor

A

11-9,000 B.C.

Mouflon, Urial

80
Q

Pigs ancestor

A

9,000 B.C

Wild boar

81
Q

Goat ancestor

A

8,000 B.C

Bezoar

82
Q

Cattle ancestor

A

8,000 B.C

Auroch

83
Q

Cats ancestor

A

8-3,000 B.C

African wild cats

84
Q

Chickens ancestor

A

6,000 B.C

Indian red jungle fowl

85
Q

Donkeys ancestor

A

5,000 B.C

Wild ass

86
Q

Horses ancestor

A

4,000 B.C

Tarpan

87
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibres (a fascicle)

88
Q

Endomysium

A

Thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre

VAP (2 decks)

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