VAP Flashcards
When were dogs domesticated?
15,000-10,000 BC
When were cats domesticated?
8,000-3,000 BC
What does increasing kV do?
More higher energy X-rays
What does increasing mA do?
More X-rays but doesn’t change their energy
What does Sonic Hedgehog do?
Patterns neural tube
What do N-cadherin and E-cadherin do?
N is in neural tube and E is in remaining ectoderm, keeps cells separate from neighbouring cells
Process of limb development?
Blastemal condensation, chondrification, hypertrophy, mineralisation, vascular invasion, endochondral ossification, secondary centres of ossification in the epiphyses
What is cunean tendon?
Medial insertion of cranial tibial
What is in proximal extensor retinaculum?
LoDE and cranial tibial
What is in distal extensor retinaculum?
LoDE
Radial check ligament?
To SDFT preventing PiPj overextension
Carpal check ligament
To DDFT preventing DiPj overextension
What forms reciprocal apparatus?
Peroneus tertius and SDF
What produces the sensitive laminae?
Periosteum of pedal bone
Difference between splint bone and horse fibula?
Splint bone flat on top
Fascicle layers?
Epi, peri, endomysium
What makes up bone matrix?
1/3 type I collagen, 2/3 hydroxyapatile with absorbed CaCO3
What makes up cartilage tree?
Linker protein, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate with aggrecan protein core
Phases of hair growth?
Anagen, catagen, telogen
What is sebum?
Formed when cells rupture, holocrine, discharges into hair follicles or surface
What are ceruminous glands?
Ear wax
What are paranal sacs?
4 and 8 o clock with single duct at anocutaneous junction
What are circumanal glands?
Hepatoid glands on external surface
What is the external spermatic fascia?
Fascia around EAO that continues down and around spermatic cord and testicle
What is the cremaster muscle?
Small slips of IAO which passes through the inguinal canal, out through the external ring and down to the testicle
What forms the deep inguinal ring?
Fascia transversalis
Where are lymoh nodes not present?
CNS, bone marrow, cartilage, epidermis, alveoli, placenta
What innervates the spleen?
Sympathetic, a few vagal fibres and some myelinted sensory fibres
What does thymus develop from?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
Which lobe of thymus is bigger?
Right
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many ribs do dogs, cats, ox, sheep and goat have?
13
How many ribs do pigs have?
14/15
How many lumbar vertebrae do cats, dogs and pigs have?
7
How many lumbar vertebrae do ox, sheep, goat and pigs have?
6
How many sacral vertebrae do ox, sheep, goat and horse have?
5
How many sacral vertebrae do pigs have?
4
How many ribs do pigs have?
15
Which are the costal ribs?
10,11,12
Where does the ventral longitudina ligt go?
T5-S1
Where’s the lateral foramen?
C1 for nerve
What has ventral processes/plates for longus colli?
C6
What do haemal arches do?
Prevent ventral caudal artery
Where does tail start?
Cd5
Where does annulus fibrosus come from?
Sclerotome
Where do facets go from horizontal to vertical?
Diaphragmatic vertebra
If cell body is inside CNS, where does neurone develop from?
First order neurone - Neural tube ectoderm eg motor, preganglionic autonomic
If cell bodt is in ganglia outside CNS, where does neurone develop from?
Second order neurone - Neural crest eg sensory, preganglionic
Why does C2 go to caudal head skin?
C1 motor only
Are first or second order myelinated?
First
What only receives sympathetic innervation?
Sooth muscle of skin and blood vessels
Which vertebrae is genitofemoral from?
L3 and L4
Which vertebral is femoral from?
L4-6
Which vertebrae is sciatic trunk from?
L6-S2
What does cleodobrachial nerve innervate?
Cleidobrachialis
What does suprascapular nerve innervate?
Infra and supraspinatus
What does subscapular nerve innervate?
Subscapularis
What does cranial pectoral nerve innervate?
Superficial pectoral
What does musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Elbow flexors
What does axillary nerve innervate?
Shoulder flexors
What does thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
Lat dorsi
What does radial nerve innervate?
Elbow, carpus and digit extensors
What does caudal pectoral innervate?
Deep pectoral
What does ulnar nerve innervate?
Carpus and digit flexors (lateral - FCU, DDF and manus muscles)
What does median nerve innervate?
Carpus and digit flexors (medial, underneath pronator teres)
What does obturator nerve innervate?
Medial thigh muscles
What does genitofemoral nerve innervate?
None - sensory
What does femoral nerve innervate?
Hip flexors and stifle extensors
What does pudendal nerve innervate?
Pelvic diaphragm, anus, urethra
What does sciatic nerve innervate?
Gluteals and hams
What does fibular nerve innervate?
Hock flexors and digital extensors
What does tibial nerve innervate?
Hock extensors and digital flexors
What nerve does the ulnar nerve send off in the brachium?
Caudal cutaneous antebrachial
What branches does the radial nerve send off?
Medial and lateral caudal cutaneous antebrachial
Where does superficial dorsal artery come from?
Lateral superficial brachial
Where does deep dorsal artery come from?
Caudal interosseous laterally, radial medially and medial superficial brachial
Where does deep palmar artery come from?
Caudal interosseous laterally and radial medially
Where does superficial palmar artery come from?
Caudal interosseous laterally and median medially
What innervates superficial dorsal?
Sensory, radial nerve, ulnar for digit V
What innervates deep palmar?
Motor, ulnar nerve innervates interosseous muscles
What innervates superficial palmar?
Sensory, median nerve, ulnar for digit V
What innervates serratus ventralis?
Long thoracic
What innvervates cranial muscles of truncobrachial junction?
Eleventh cranial (accessory) nerve
What does musculocutaneous nerve give off and what does this to?
Medial cutaneous antebrachial, innervates skin of medial antebrachium
What does the axillary nerve reach the skin of the lateral brachium as?
Lateral cutaneous brachial
What does the brachial artery split into?
Bicipital artery, deep brachial artery, collateral ulnar artery, lateral and medial superficial antebrachial artery
What do lateral and medial suoerificial antebrachial arteries supply?
Cranial antebrachium either side of cephalic vein
What is the most important branch of the median artery?
Common interosseous
What’s the branches of the common interosseous artery?
Ulnar, cranial interosseous and caudal interosseous
Why is there little deep palmar nerve supply in the horse?
Interosseous is no longer a muscle
What are the palmar nerves of the equine forelimb?
Median medially, ulnar laterally, median sends two communicating branches to ulnar (one before carpus and one over cannon)
Which fibres do median and lateral palmar digital nerves have in the horse?
Median only has median nerves, ulnar has ulnar AND median nerve
What provides lateral/dorsal sensation to cannon?
Dorsal branch of ulnar
What gives dorsal blood supply at carpus?
Cranial radial and dorsal interosseus
What forms deep and supeficial palmar metacarpal arteries in the horse?
Medial superficial from median artery
What is dysautonomia?
Neuropathy of ANS neurones, affects sympathetic and parasympathetic, pupil size changes, ileus
What is grass sickness?
Equine dysautonomia
What is Key-Gaskell syndrome?
Feline dysautonomia, autonomic ganglia degeneration
What is Horner’s syndrome?
Damage to sympathetic supply to head, often unilateral
What does the sciatic trunk give off?
Caudal gluteal, cranial gluteal and hamstring branch
What is cranial to the femoral artery?
Saphenous branch of femoral nerve
What does the pudendoepigastric artery supply?
Pectineus and quadriceps
Where do superficial arteries of pes come from?
Dorsal and plantar saphenous
Where do deep arteries of pes come from?
Cranial tibial
How do arteries get between MT2and 3?
Perforating metatarsal
What innervates lateral cannon?
Fibular
What innervates digits in the horse?
Tibial and lat/med plantar metatarsal/digital
What innervates medial/dorsal cannon?
Saphenous
How does blood supply get dorsal to plantar in the horse?
Great metatarsal artery
Where does plantar supply in horse come from?
Saphenous and caudal tibial
What goes proximally in horse and anastomoses with supply to thigh?
Recurrent tibial and recurrent tarsal
In horse how do you get single layered dorsal supply and double layered plantar supply?
Saphenous and caudal tibial anastomose with cranial tibial vis perforating tarsal
Branches of the subclavian?
Vertebral, omicervical, costocervical, internal thoracic
What is cephalic vein joined by?
Accessory cephalic which drains dorsal aspect
What do blood vessels develop in?
Mesoderm in blood islands of yolk sac for extraembryonic vasculogenesis
In which species does tricuspid only have two valves?
Rabbit
Which species have ossa cordis?
Bovine, equine
What is venous drainage into atria called?
Foramina venarum minimarum
What is drainage into ventricles called?
Venae cordis parvae
Which species has left azygos?
Pig
Which species has left and right azygos?
Ruminant
Which species have right azygos?
Carnivores, horses, some ruminants
Which side is nodal gene transcribed on in the heart?
Left side of primitive streak
Where do the atria come from?
Sinus horn for right and pulmonary veins for left
What forms early heart tube?
Sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosus to placenta
What is dextrocardia?
Folding in wrong order
What is situs inversus?
Reversal of all organs
What is inversus viscera?
Mutation causing random left right heart orientation
What is inversion of turning?
100% reversal of heart folding
What links capituli?
Intercapital ligt
Which bronchi on left?
Cranial and caudal lobar
Which bronchi on right?
Cranial, middle and caudal lobar
Which bronchi on right in an artiodactyl?
Middle and caudal lobar and then tracheal bronchis to right cranial lobe
Which lobes do dogs have on the left?
Caudal lobe and cranial lobe with cranial and caudal part
What lobes on the right in a dog?
Cranial, middle, accessory and caudal
What’s the different in a pig?
Right cranial lobe is from tracheal bronchi
What’s the difference in a cow/sheep?
R cranial lobe has cranial and caudal part
Which lobes do horses have?
Cranial and caudal and accessory
Which species show lung lobulation?
Pig and ox
Where is dichotomous branching?
Splits in two after tertiary bronchi
What causes kennel cough?
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis
What causes tracheal collapse?
Incomplete formation of tracheal rings
What are the knuckles at 1,2,3 o clock on thorax VD x ray?
Aortic, pulmonary, LA
How wide can heart be on VD view?
2/3 chest width
How wide can aorta be on lateral x ray?
1 centrum
How high and wide can heart be on lateral x ray?
2/3 chest height and 2.5-3.5 ribs wide
What is a deuterostome and protostome?
Deut - first opening becomes anus
How are left and right duodenocolic ligts formed?
Mesenteric peritoneum fuses
What does coeliac artery give?
Splenic and left gastric and hepatic
What’s it called when lig arteriosum is on wrong side of oesophagus?
Vascular ring anomaly
What do oesophagus muscle layers form?
Inner circular and outer longitudinal of stomach
What attaches oes to larynx?
Crico-oesophageal tendon
What is coeliac artery derived from?
Vitelline arteries of yolk sac
Where does coeliac artery go?
Between mesentery, under visceral peritoneal coating, submucosal
What has diverticulum ventriculi and torus pyloricus?
Pig
What has margi plicatus and saccus caecus?
Horse
How many turns in ox, sheep and goat?
2,3,4
How do bile and pancreatic ducts open?
Papillae
What has anti mesenteric artery?
Ileum
Where does ileum open?
Ileal papilla (ileocolic sphincter)
What is rectum retractor muscle?
Rectococcygeus
Where are pig mesenteric nodes?
Halfway between root and gut
Where are mesenteric lymph nodes in cow?
Near to gut
What does coronary lig do?
Surrounds caudal vena cava to caval hiatus
Where do left and right triagular ligs go?
Up
Which liver impressions does dog have?
Stomach duodenum right kidney
Which liver impressions does pig have?
Stomach and duodenum
Which liver impressions does cow have?
Omasum reticulum right kidney
Which liver impressions does horse have?
Stomach, apex of caecum, diaphragmatic flexure, RDV, right kidney
What veins make up HPV?
Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic and common mesenteric
Where does accessory pancreatic duct enter duodenum?
Minor papilla
What connects gall bladder to bile duct?
Cystic duct
Where does bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter duodenum?
Major papilla
Which liver lobe cups R kidney in dog?
Caudate process of caudate lobe
What are parts of caudate lobe?
Papillary and caudate process
What is pig liver like?
No papillary process, R kidney doesn’t reach caudate process, less obvious division of quadrate, surface lobulation
What is horse liver like?
No papillary process, scalloped quadrate, no division of right
What is ruminant liver like?
No division of left or right, clockwise rotation
Where are left and right lobes of pancreas?
Left in DLGO, right in mesoduodenum
What does liver develop from?
Outgrowth of foregut into ventral mesogastrum
Which species has triangle pancreas?
Horse
Which species has HPV running through pancreas body?
Pig
What is patent ductus venosus?
Blood avoids being processed by the liver, straight to CdVC
What is a portocaval shunt?
Straight from HPV to CdVC
Where are hepatocytes from?
Endoderm
Where is liver connective tissue from?
Mesoderm (septum transversum)
What is blood supply to pancreas?
Cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries from coeliac and cranial mesenteric respectively
What is a portoazygos?
HPV to azygos
What is multiple intrahepatic shunt?
Like PDV but wiggly
What happens to A waves when feeding?
Duration, complexity, force and resting tone increase
What happens to A to B interval when feeding?
Increases
What does ventral vagotomy do to rumen?
Stops rumen, oes groove and sometime reticulum
What does ventral vagotomy do?
Stops different things
What restores post-vagal motility of rumen?
Intramural nerves between RR wall
What is vagal indigestion?
Left dorsal swelling and right ventral drooping
How does vagus sensory cause RR contraction?
Tactile stimulation of cardia or oes or reticulum/RR fold distension
How does splanchnic sensory cause RR contraction?
Abomasal or ruminal distension or manipulation of pylorus
Which fibres exit reticulum fastest?
Short dense
What inhibits oes tube?
Sensory stimulation in splanchnic nerves and adrenaline release
What do omasal leaves do?
Absorb water sodium and potassium, exchange chloride and bicarb
What stimulates and inhibits abomasal contractions?
Stimulated by empty duodenum, inhibited by duodenal activity
What does coeliacomessnteric plexus do?
Attaches coeliac ganglion to cranial mesenteric ganglion
What does splenic artery form?
Splenic, gastroepiploic and fundic
What does common hepatic artery form?
R gastric, R gastroepiploic, proper hepatic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal
What does cranial mesenteric artery form?
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal, ileocolic, jejunal, R colic and middle colic
What does caudal mesenteric anastomose with?
Left colic and cranial rectal
What are the main tributaries of HPV?
Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic, common mesenteric
How many taenia does pig caecum have?
Three
What is an auroch?
Original european wild cow
What is ruminant blood supply via coeliac?
Left ruminal, right ruminal, reticular, L and R gastriepiploic, L and R gastric
Where does left ruminal artery go?
Under cranial groove to left longitudinal groove
Where is right ruminal artery?
Right longitudinal groove
Where is reticular artery?
Lateral aspect
How does dorsal vagus get to rumen?
Via right and left ruminal nerves
How does ventral vagus get to reticulum?
Via reticular nerve, omasum, lesser curvature of abomasum, long pyloric nerve to pyloric region
Why can’t rabbit vomit?
Strong cardiac sphincter
What is main bile pigment?
Biliverdin
What is ampulla?
Dilatation at proximal end of duodenum where bile duct enters duodenum
Where does right lobe of pancreas lie in rabbit?
Between descending and ascending duodenum as isolated lobules
Where does left lobe of pancreas lie in the rabbit?
Along greater curvature in mesentery between it and transverse colon
Where is pancreatic duct in rabbit?
Proximal end of desc colon
What is sacculus rotundus?
Dilatation of terminal ileum forming junction between caecum, ileum and proximal colon
What is ampulla caecalis coli?
Where fibrous contents are sorted by size
What does fusus coli do?
Pacemaker, vascular, highly innervated, goblet cells and longitudinal folds
What happens to hard faeces and caecotrophs in fusus coli?
Hard has strong muscle contractions in fusus coli to squeeze water out, caecotrophs have gentle contraction of fusus coli, mucus secretion of goblet cells and lysozyme which enters caecotrophs
What is produced within caecotrophs and absorbed?
Lactate
What are rabbit calcium levels like?
High
What is rabbit liver like?
Right medial and quadrate lobes are fused around gall bladder
Which species have unipyrimidal kidney?
Dog cat horse sheep rabbit
Which species has multipyrimidal kidney?
Pig and human
Which species have multilobar multipyrimidal no pelvis?
Ox
What does horse kidney look like?
Terminal recesses
Which shapes are left and right horse kidney?
Right is heart shaped, left is L
Why is pig right kidney nit cranial?
Stretched out
What is sympathetic innervation to kidney?
Aorticorenal ganglia
What is kidney parenchyme?
Cortex and medulla
What is kidney sinus?
Pelvis and fat, vessels
Why is equine urine turbid?
Glands in equine kidney pelvis secrete mucus
What is an angiogram?
Contrast medium in aorta and renal arteries
What is nephrogram?
Contrast medium in kidney
What is pyelogram?
Contrast medium in pelvis
What is kidney like on ultrasound?
Hypoechoic cortex, near anechoic medulla, echogenic pelvis
Where is medulla from?
Neural crest
Where is cortex from?
Intermediate mesoderm
What is the mesorectum?
Rectum to dorsal body wall
Which ligs does bladder have?
Ventral and lateral vesical
Which ligament does uterus have?
Broad
What attaches testicle to dorsal body wall through inguinal canal?
Mesorchium and testic artery
Where do ureters come from?
Intermediate mesoderm
What makes internal bladder sphincter?
Smooth muscle
Where does trigone come from?
Mesoderm (rest is ectoderm)
Where do lateral vesical ligts come from?
Umbilical arteries
Where does ventral vesical ligt come from?
Ventral mesentery of hindgut, contains urachus to allantois
What tissue is male urethra?
Urothelium the stratified squamous
What is hypospadias?
Underside of penile urethra not sealed
What is omphalophlebitis?
Infection of navel
What is patent urachus?
Urine drips through hole in umbilicus
Where does urethra discharge in females?
Vestibule
What causes urethralis contraction?
Pudendal S1-3 somatic
What does symp hypogastric nerve do?
Alpha 1 cranial urethral smooth muscle contraction, beta 2 detrusor relaxation
How does pelvic nerve cause urination?
Detrusor relaxation
Where does the cranial vesical artery come from?
Fetal umbilical artery
What does the internal pudendal artery do?
Urogenital artery to caudal vesical, caudal ureteric and vaginal and perineal, dorsal penile and urethral arteries
Which direction does coccygeus go?
Lateral - dorsomedial to ventrolateral
Which direction does levator ani go?
Medial, dorsocaudal
What does the pudendal nerve provide sensory innervation to?
Perineum, bladder and genitalia
What does the pudendal nerve provide motor innervation to?
Pelvic diaphragm, EAS and urethral
Where do extensors have origins?
Laterally
Where do flexors have origins?
Medially
Lateral carpus muscles order?
ECR, CDE, LaDE, ECU, FCU
Medial carpus muscles order?
ECR, Pronator teres, FCR, DDF, SDF, FCU
Most cranial muscles of carpus?
CDE and ECR
Where does the endocardial tube develop from?
Lateral plate mesoderm
What does the sinus venosus form?
Atrial wall (R) and coronary sinus (L)
What does the primitive ventricle form?
Left ventricle
What does the bulbus cordis form?
Right ventricle
What does the truncus arteriosus form?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
What is between the primitive atria and ventricle?
Atrioventricular sulcus
What is between the primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis?
Bulboventricular sulcus
Which directions do the atria and ventricles go?
Atria go dorsally and cranially, ventricles go leftward and cranially
What do the pulmonary veins form?
The left atrium
Where is the septum intermedium?
Separating common atria > ventricles opening
What are the holes the septum primum leaves?
Ostium primum and ostium secundum
Where does the ventricular septum form from?
Caudal edge of bulboventricular sulcus
What closes the ventricular septum?
Septum intermedium and spiral septum
Which cells migrate into the truncus arteriosus to form the spiral septum?
Neural crest
Why does the ductus arteriosus close?
Pressure changes and reduced prostaglandins
What prevents carpus flexion in the stay apparatus?
Biceps tendon, lacertus fibrosus and ECR tendon cranially and the accessory tendons caudally
What makes up the reciprocal apparatus?
Peroneus tertius and gastrocnemius and SDF
What ligament prevents hip aduction?
Accessory
What prevents carpus hyperextension?
Block shape of carpal bones, palmar carpal ligaments
What prevents fetlock hyperextension?
Suspensory apparatus, extensor branches of suspensory ligament, flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments. Also suspensory ligt, sesamoid bones and sesamoidean ligaments act as one structure
What prevents pastern hyperextension?
Palmar ligaments, straight sesamoidean ligament, flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments
What prevents pastern joint flexion?
Double SDFT attachment to distal proximal and prox middle phalanx
What prevents tarsus flexion?
SDFT between distal femur and calcanean tuberosity, pulled taut when patella locks
WHat stabilises digital joints in the hindlimb?
Attachment of SDF to calcaneus eliminates need for accessory ligt
Which species has dorsal tail gland?
Dog
Where does dogs and cats have haemal arches?
Cd 4-7
Where does superficial pectoral insert in the cat?
Ulna and clavicle
Which species doesn’t have a sacrosciatic ligament?
Cat
Which species has a circumoral gland?
Cat
What is ECU in cows and pigs and horses?
Almost certainly a flexor
Which species have scapular cartilage?
Cow and pig and horse
Which species has tuber spinae?
Pig and old horses
Which carpal bones do pigs and horses have?
All 8 but first is small
Which species doesn’t have internal obturator or piriformis?
Pig and Cow
Which species has preputial and carpal glands?
Pig
Which species has distal talus trochlea?
Pig and horse
Where do pectorals go in the horse?
From scapula to radius
Which species doesn’t have accessory head of triceps?
Horse
What forms collateral ligament in horse?
Pronator teres
Where does superficial gluteal insert in the horse and what does it do?
Third trochanter and is hip flexor
Which species doesn’t have fibularis longus and brevis?
Horse
WHich species has fused first and second tarsal bones?
Horse
Which species has absent first carpal and fused second and third?
Cow
Which species has second and third and fourth and central tarsal bones?
Cow
Why do cows have less rounded buttocks?
Only biceps femoris has sacral origin and it is smaller
What forms cranial contour of crus in cow?
Peroneus tertius
Which species has no piriformis?
Horse
Which species has extra biceps insertion on radius?
Horse
What forms cranial countou of crus in the horse?
LoDE
Which muscles have additional proximal origins on the gluteal fascia, sacrum, tail and SS ligament in the horse?
Superficial gluteal, biceps, semimem and semitend
Which species has inter-transverse synovial articulations?
Horse
Which side are extensor slips on in the cow?
Abaxial
What happens to CDE in the cow forelimb?
Splits into lateral and medial branch
What is movement of proximal intertarsal joint like in the horse?
Cow
Which species has caudal horn, preorbital and interdigital gland?
Cow
Where are sympathetic nerves to compound stomach from?
From coeliaco (mesenteric) ganglion
How do dorsal and ventral vagus get around compound stomach?
Via coeliacomesenteric plexus and along arteries or direct
Which arteries are there in the compound stomach?
From coeliac artery - R + L gastric and gastroepipoic (like the dog) but also R + L ruminal and reticular
Where does the long pyloric nerve go?
Abomasum
WHich parts of the stomach have oblique muscle?
All ret and rum
Which parts of the ruminant stomach have longitudinal muscle?
Drs
Which parts of the ruminant stomach have circular muscle?
Vrs and ret
What does the ulnar artery supply?
Flexors
What does the cranial interosseus supply?
Extensors
What’s a 4 beat gait?
Walk
What’s a 2 beat gait?
Trot
What’s a three beat gait?
Canter
What does caudal circumflex humeral do?
Loops round to cranial and does arterial anastomosis
Where does deep brachial artery go
To triceps
What does collateral artery do?
Goes round olecranon
In hindlimb, what does dorsal and plantar deep supply?
Deep branch of cranial tibial
In hindlimb, what does dorsal and plantar superficial supply?
Saphenous
Which muscle supplies diaphragm?
Musculophrenic
Where does the reticular artery go?
Lateral aspect
Where does the right ruminal artery go?
Right longitudinal groove
Where does the left ruminal artery go?
Under cranial groove to left longitudinal groove
What does left gastric anastomose with?
Right gastric and caudal oesophageal
What does left gastroepiploic anastomose with?
Right gastroepiploic
What does fundic artery anastomose with?
L gastric
Branches of splenic artery?
L gastroepiploic and fundic
Branches of common hepatic?
R gastric, R gastroepiploic, Cr pancreaticoduodenal, proper hepatic
What has anti-mesenteric branch?
Ileum
Branches of cranial mesenteric?
Cd pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileocolic, right and middle colic
Branches of caudal mesenteric?
Left colic and cranial rectal
What makes the deep palmar arch?
Radial
What makes the superficial palmar arch?
Medial
Tributaries of HPV?
Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic and common mesenteric
Branches of internal iliac?
Cranial vesical, parietal, internal pudendal
Branches of parietal branch?
Iliolumbar, cr and cd gluteal
Branches of internal pudendal?
Urogential, perineal, dorsal penile and urethral
Branches of urogential?
Caudal vesical, caudal ureteric, vaginal
What does AER secrete to affect progress zone?
FGF-8
Where does membrane bone form?
Within flat membranes between two layers of periosteum
What does AER secrete to affect progress zone?
FGF-8
Where does membrane bone form?
Within flat membranes between two layers of periosteum
