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VAP Flashcards

1
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

15,000-10,000 BC

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2
Q

When were cats domesticated?

A

8,000-3,000 BC

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3
Q

What does increasing kV do?

A

More higher energy X-rays

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4
Q

What does increasing mA do?

A

More X-rays but doesn’t change their energy

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5
Q

What does Sonic Hedgehog do?

A

Patterns neural tube

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6
Q

What do N-cadherin and E-cadherin do?

A

N is in neural tube and E is in remaining ectoderm, keeps cells separate from neighbouring cells

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7
Q

Process of limb development?

A

Blastemal condensation, chondrification, hypertrophy, mineralisation, vascular invasion, endochondral ossification, secondary centres of ossification in the epiphyses

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8
Q

What is cunean tendon?

A

Medial insertion of cranial tibial

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9
Q

What is in proximal extensor retinaculum?

A

LoDE and cranial tibial

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10
Q

What is in distal extensor retinaculum?

A

LoDE

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11
Q

Radial check ligament?

A

To SDFT preventing PiPj overextension

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12
Q

Carpal check ligament

A

To DDFT preventing DiPj overextension

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13
Q

What forms reciprocal apparatus?

A

Peroneus tertius and SDF

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14
Q

What produces the sensitive laminae?

A

Periosteum of pedal bone

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15
Q

Difference between splint bone and horse fibula?

A

Splint bone flat on top

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16
Q

Fascicle layers?

A

Epi, peri, endomysium

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17
Q

What makes up bone matrix?

A

1/3 type I collagen, 2/3 hydroxyapatile with absorbed CaCO3

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18
Q

What makes up cartilage tree?

A

Linker protein, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate with aggrecan protein core

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19
Q

Phases of hair growth?

A

Anagen, catagen, telogen

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20
Q

What is sebum?

A

Formed when cells rupture, holocrine, discharges into hair follicles or surface

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21
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

Ear wax

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22
Q

What are paranal sacs?

A

4 and 8 o clock with single duct at anocutaneous junction

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23
Q

What are circumanal glands?

A

Hepatoid glands on external surface

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24
Q

What is the external spermatic fascia?

A

Fascia around EAO that continues down and around spermatic cord and testicle

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25
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

Small slips of IAO which passes through the inguinal canal, out through the external ring and down to the testicle

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26
Q

What forms the deep inguinal ring?

A

Fascia transversalis

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27
Q

Where are lymoh nodes not present?

A

CNS, bone marrow, cartilage, epidermis, alveoli, placenta

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28
Q

What innervates the spleen?

A

Sympathetic, a few vagal fibres and some myelinted sensory fibres

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29
Q

What does thymus develop from?

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

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30
Q

Which lobe of thymus is bigger?

A

Right

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31
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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32
Q

How many ribs do dogs, cats, ox, sheep and goat have?

A

13

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33
Q

How many ribs do pigs have?

A

14/15

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34
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do cats, dogs and pigs have?

A

7

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35
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do ox, sheep, goat and pigs have?

A

6

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36
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do ox, sheep, goat and horse have?

A

5

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37
Q

How many sacral vertebrae do pigs have?

A

4

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38
Q

How many ribs do pigs have?

A

15

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39
Q

Which are the costal ribs?

A

10,11,12

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40
Q

Where does the ventral longitudina ligt go?

A

T5-S1

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41
Q

Where’s the lateral foramen?

A

C1 for nerve

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42
Q

What has ventral processes/plates for longus colli?

A

C6

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43
Q

What do haemal arches do?

A

Prevent ventral caudal artery

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44
Q

Where does tail start?

A

Cd5

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45
Q

Where does annulus fibrosus come from?

A

Sclerotome

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46
Q

Where do facets go from horizontal to vertical?

A

Diaphragmatic vertebra

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47
Q

If cell body is inside CNS, where does neurone develop from?

A

First order neurone - Neural tube ectoderm eg motor, preganglionic autonomic

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48
Q

If cell bodt is in ganglia outside CNS, where does neurone develop from?

A

Second order neurone - Neural crest eg sensory, preganglionic

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49
Q

Why does C2 go to caudal head skin?

A

C1 motor only

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50
Q

Are first or second order myelinated?

A

First

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51
Q

What only receives sympathetic innervation?

A

Sooth muscle of skin and blood vessels

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52
Q

Which vertebrae is genitofemoral from?

A

L3 and L4

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53
Q

Which vertebral is femoral from?

A

L4-6

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54
Q

Which vertebrae is sciatic trunk from?

A

L6-S2

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55
Q

What does cleodobrachial nerve innervate?

A

Cleidobrachialis

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56
Q

What does suprascapular nerve innervate?

A

Infra and supraspinatus

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57
Q

What does subscapular nerve innervate?

A

Subscapularis

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58
Q

What does cranial pectoral nerve innervate?

A

Superficial pectoral

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59
Q

What does musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Elbow flexors

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60
Q

What does axillary nerve innervate?

A

Shoulder flexors

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61
Q

What does thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

Lat dorsi

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62
Q

What does radial nerve innervate?

A

Elbow, carpus and digit extensors

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63
Q

What does caudal pectoral innervate?

A

Deep pectoral

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64
Q

What does ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Carpus and digit flexors (lateral - FCU, DDF and manus muscles)

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65
Q

What does median nerve innervate?

A

Carpus and digit flexors (medial, underneath pronator teres)

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66
Q

What does obturator nerve innervate?

A

Medial thigh muscles

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67
Q

What does genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A

None - sensory

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68
Q

What does femoral nerve innervate?

A

Hip flexors and stifle extensors

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69
Q

What does pudendal nerve innervate?

A

Pelvic diaphragm, anus, urethra

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70
Q

What does sciatic nerve innervate?

A

Gluteals and hams

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71
Q

What does fibular nerve innervate?

A

Hock flexors and digital extensors

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72
Q

What does tibial nerve innervate?

A

Hock extensors and digital flexors

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73
Q

What nerve does the ulnar nerve send off in the brachium?

A

Caudal cutaneous antebrachial

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74
Q

What branches does the radial nerve send off?

A

Medial and lateral caudal cutaneous antebrachial

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75
Q

Where does superficial dorsal artery come from?

A

Lateral superficial brachial

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76
Q

Where does deep dorsal artery come from?

A

Caudal interosseous laterally, radial medially and medial superficial brachial

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77
Q

Where does deep palmar artery come from?

A

Caudal interosseous laterally and radial medially

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78
Q

Where does superficial palmar artery come from?

A

Caudal interosseous laterally and median medially

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79
Q

What innervates superficial dorsal?

A

Sensory, radial nerve, ulnar for digit V

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80
Q

What innervates deep palmar?

A

Motor, ulnar nerve innervates interosseous muscles

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81
Q

What innervates superficial palmar?

A

Sensory, median nerve, ulnar for digit V

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82
Q

What innervates serratus ventralis?

A

Long thoracic

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83
Q

What innvervates cranial muscles of truncobrachial junction?

A

Eleventh cranial (accessory) nerve

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84
Q

What does musculocutaneous nerve give off and what does this to?

A

Medial cutaneous antebrachial, innervates skin of medial antebrachium

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85
Q

What does the axillary nerve reach the skin of the lateral brachium as?

A

Lateral cutaneous brachial

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86
Q

What does the brachial artery split into?

A

Bicipital artery, deep brachial artery, collateral ulnar artery, lateral and medial superficial antebrachial artery

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87
Q

What do lateral and medial suoerificial antebrachial arteries supply?

A

Cranial antebrachium either side of cephalic vein

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88
Q

What is the most important branch of the median artery?

A

Common interosseous

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89
Q

What’s the branches of the common interosseous artery?

A

Ulnar, cranial interosseous and caudal interosseous

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90
Q

Why is there little deep palmar nerve supply in the horse?

A

Interosseous is no longer a muscle

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91
Q

What are the palmar nerves of the equine forelimb?

A

Median medially, ulnar laterally, median sends two communicating branches to ulnar (one before carpus and one over cannon)

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92
Q

Which fibres do median and lateral palmar digital nerves have in the horse?

A

Median only has median nerves, ulnar has ulnar AND median nerve

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93
Q

What provides lateral/dorsal sensation to cannon?

A

Dorsal branch of ulnar

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94
Q

What gives dorsal blood supply at carpus?

A

Cranial radial and dorsal interosseus

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95
Q

What forms deep and supeficial palmar metacarpal arteries in the horse?

A

Medial superficial from median artery

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96
Q

What is dysautonomia?

A

Neuropathy of ANS neurones, affects sympathetic and parasympathetic, pupil size changes, ileus

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97
Q

What is grass sickness?

A

Equine dysautonomia

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98
Q

What is Key-Gaskell syndrome?

A

Feline dysautonomia, autonomic ganglia degeneration

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99
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Damage to sympathetic supply to head, often unilateral

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100
Q

What does the sciatic trunk give off?

A

Caudal gluteal, cranial gluteal and hamstring branch

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101
Q

What is cranial to the femoral artery?

A

Saphenous branch of femoral nerve

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102
Q

What does the pudendoepigastric artery supply?

A

Pectineus and quadriceps

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103
Q

Where do superficial arteries of pes come from?

A

Dorsal and plantar saphenous

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104
Q

Where do deep arteries of pes come from?

A

Cranial tibial

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105
Q

How do arteries get between MT2and 3?

A

Perforating metatarsal

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106
Q

What innervates lateral cannon?

A

Fibular

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107
Q

What innervates digits in the horse?

A

Tibial and lat/med plantar metatarsal/digital

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108
Q

What innervates medial/dorsal cannon?

A

Saphenous

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109
Q

How does blood supply get dorsal to plantar in the horse?

A

Great metatarsal artery

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110
Q

Where does plantar supply in horse come from?

A

Saphenous and caudal tibial

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111
Q

What goes proximally in horse and anastomoses with supply to thigh?

A

Recurrent tibial and recurrent tarsal

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112
Q

In horse how do you get single layered dorsal supply and double layered plantar supply?

A

Saphenous and caudal tibial anastomose with cranial tibial vis perforating tarsal

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113
Q

Branches of the subclavian?

A

Vertebral, omicervical, costocervical, internal thoracic

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114
Q

What is cephalic vein joined by?

A

Accessory cephalic which drains dorsal aspect

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115
Q

What do blood vessels develop in?

A

Mesoderm in blood islands of yolk sac for extraembryonic vasculogenesis

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116
Q

In which species does tricuspid only have two valves?

A

Rabbit

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117
Q

Which species have ossa cordis?

A

Bovine, equine

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118
Q

What is venous drainage into atria called?

A

Foramina venarum minimarum

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119
Q

What is drainage into ventricles called?

A

Venae cordis parvae

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120
Q

Which species has left azygos?

A

Pig

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121
Q

Which species has left and right azygos?

A

Ruminant

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122
Q

Which species have right azygos?

A

Carnivores, horses, some ruminants

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123
Q

Which side is nodal gene transcribed on in the heart?

A

Left side of primitive streak

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124
Q

Where do the atria come from?

A

Sinus horn for right and pulmonary veins for left

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125
Q

What forms early heart tube?

A

Sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosus to placenta

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126
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Folding in wrong order

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127
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Reversal of all organs

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5
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128
Q

What is inversus viscera?

A

Mutation causing random left right heart orientation

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129
Q

What is inversion of turning?

A

100% reversal of heart folding

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130
Q

What links capituli?

A

Intercapital ligt

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131
Q

Which bronchi on left?

A

Cranial and caudal lobar

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132
Q

Which bronchi on right?

A

Cranial, middle and caudal lobar

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133
Q

Which bronchi on right in an artiodactyl?

A

Middle and caudal lobar and then tracheal bronchis to right cranial lobe

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134
Q

Which lobes do dogs have on the left?

A

Caudal lobe and cranial lobe with cranial and caudal part

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135
Q

What lobes on the right in a dog?

A

Cranial, middle, accessory and caudal

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136
Q

What’s the different in a pig?

A

Right cranial lobe is from tracheal bronchi

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137
Q

What’s the difference in a cow/sheep?

A

R cranial lobe has cranial and caudal part

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138
Q

Which lobes do horses have?

A

Cranial and caudal and accessory

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139
Q

Which species show lung lobulation?

A

Pig and ox

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140
Q

Where is dichotomous branching?

A

Splits in two after tertiary bronchi

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141
Q

What causes kennel cough?

A

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis

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142
Q

What causes tracheal collapse?

A

Incomplete formation of tracheal rings

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143
Q

What are the knuckles at 1,2,3 o clock on thorax VD x ray?

A

Aortic, pulmonary, LA

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144
Q

How wide can heart be on VD view?

A

2/3 chest width

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145
Q

How wide can aorta be on lateral x ray?

A

1 centrum

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146
Q

How high and wide can heart be on lateral x ray?

A

2/3 chest height and 2.5-3.5 ribs wide

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147
Q

What is a deuterostome and protostome?

A

Deut - first opening becomes anus

148
Q

How are left and right duodenocolic ligts formed?

A

Mesenteric peritoneum fuses

149
Q

What does coeliac artery give?

A

Splenic and left gastric and hepatic

150
Q

What’s it called when lig arteriosum is on wrong side of oesophagus?

A

Vascular ring anomaly

151
Q

What do oesophagus muscle layers form?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal of stomach

152
Q

What attaches oes to larynx?

A

Crico-oesophageal tendon

153
Q

What is coeliac artery derived from?

A

Vitelline arteries of yolk sac

154
Q

Where does coeliac artery go?

A

Between mesentery, under visceral peritoneal coating, submucosal

155
Q

What has diverticulum ventriculi and torus pyloricus?

A

Pig

156
Q

What has margi plicatus and saccus caecus?

A

Horse

157
Q

How many turns in ox, sheep and goat?

A

2,3,4

158
Q

How do bile and pancreatic ducts open?

A

Papillae

159
Q

What has anti mesenteric artery?

A

Ileum

160
Q

Where does ileum open?

A

Ileal papilla (ileocolic sphincter)

161
Q

What is rectum retractor muscle?

A

Rectococcygeus

162
Q

Where are pig mesenteric nodes?

A

Halfway between root and gut

163
Q

Where are mesenteric lymph nodes in cow?

A

Near to gut

164
Q

What does coronary lig do?

A

Surrounds caudal vena cava to caval hiatus

165
Q

Where do left and right triagular ligs go?

A

Up

166
Q

Which liver impressions does dog have?

A

Stomach duodenum right kidney

167
Q

Which liver impressions does pig have?

A

Stomach and duodenum

168
Q

Which liver impressions does cow have?

A

Omasum reticulum right kidney

169
Q

Which liver impressions does horse have?

A

Stomach, apex of caecum, diaphragmatic flexure, RDV, right kidney

170
Q

What veins make up HPV?

A

Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic and common mesenteric

171
Q

Where does accessory pancreatic duct enter duodenum?

A

Minor papilla

172
Q

What connects gall bladder to bile duct?

A

Cystic duct

173
Q

Where does bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter duodenum?

A

Major papilla

174
Q

Which liver lobe cups R kidney in dog?

A

Caudate process of caudate lobe

175
Q

What are parts of caudate lobe?

A

Papillary and caudate process

176
Q

What is pig liver like?

A

No papillary process, R kidney doesn’t reach caudate process, less obvious division of quadrate, surface lobulation

177
Q

What is horse liver like?

A

No papillary process, scalloped quadrate, no division of right

178
Q

What is ruminant liver like?

A

No division of left or right, clockwise rotation

179
Q

Where are left and right lobes of pancreas?

A

Left in DLGO, right in mesoduodenum

180
Q

What does liver develop from?

A

Outgrowth of foregut into ventral mesogastrum

181
Q

Which species has triangle pancreas?

A

Horse

182
Q

Which species has HPV running through pancreas body?

A

Pig

183
Q

What is patent ductus venosus?

A

Blood avoids being processed by the liver, straight to CdVC

184
Q

What is a portocaval shunt?

A

Straight from HPV to CdVC

185
Q

Where are hepatocytes from?

A

Endoderm

186
Q

Where is liver connective tissue from?

A

Mesoderm (septum transversum)

187
Q

What is blood supply to pancreas?

A

Cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries from coeliac and cranial mesenteric respectively

188
Q

What is a portoazygos?

A

HPV to azygos

189
Q

What is multiple intrahepatic shunt?

A

Like PDV but wiggly

190
Q

What happens to A waves when feeding?

A

Duration, complexity, force and resting tone increase

191
Q

What happens to A to B interval when feeding?

A

Increases

192
Q

What does ventral vagotomy do to rumen?

A

Stops rumen, oes groove and sometime reticulum

193
Q

What does ventral vagotomy do?

A

Stops different things

194
Q

What restores post-vagal motility of rumen?

A

Intramural nerves between RR wall

195
Q

What is vagal indigestion?

A

Left dorsal swelling and right ventral drooping

196
Q

How does vagus sensory cause RR contraction?

A

Tactile stimulation of cardia or oes or reticulum/RR fold distension

197
Q

How does splanchnic sensory cause RR contraction?

A

Abomasal or ruminal distension or manipulation of pylorus

198
Q

Which fibres exit reticulum fastest?

A

Short dense

199
Q

What inhibits oes tube?

A

Sensory stimulation in splanchnic nerves and adrenaline release

200
Q

What do omasal leaves do?

A

Absorb water sodium and potassium, exchange chloride and bicarb

201
Q

What stimulates and inhibits abomasal contractions?

A

Stimulated by empty duodenum, inhibited by duodenal activity

202
Q

What does coeliacomessnteric plexus do?

A

Attaches coeliac ganglion to cranial mesenteric ganglion

203
Q

What does splenic artery form?

A

Splenic, gastroepiploic and fundic

204
Q

What does common hepatic artery form?

A

R gastric, R gastroepiploic, proper hepatic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal

205
Q

What does cranial mesenteric artery form?

A

Caudal pancreaticoduodenal, ileocolic, jejunal, R colic and middle colic

206
Q

What does caudal mesenteric anastomose with?

A

Left colic and cranial rectal

207
Q

What are the main tributaries of HPV?

A

Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic, common mesenteric

208
Q

How many taenia does pig caecum have?

A

Three

209
Q

What is an auroch?

A

Original european wild cow

210
Q

What is ruminant blood supply via coeliac?

A

Left ruminal, right ruminal, reticular, L and R gastriepiploic, L and R gastric

211
Q

Where does left ruminal artery go?

A

Under cranial groove to left longitudinal groove

212
Q

Where is right ruminal artery?

A

Right longitudinal groove

213
Q

Where is reticular artery?

A

Lateral aspect

214
Q

How does dorsal vagus get to rumen?

A

Via right and left ruminal nerves

215
Q

How does ventral vagus get to reticulum?

A

Via reticular nerve, omasum, lesser curvature of abomasum, long pyloric nerve to pyloric region

216
Q

Why can’t rabbit vomit?

A

Strong cardiac sphincter

217
Q

What is main bile pigment?

A

Biliverdin

218
Q

What is ampulla?

A

Dilatation at proximal end of duodenum where bile duct enters duodenum

219
Q

Where does right lobe of pancreas lie in rabbit?

A

Between descending and ascending duodenum as isolated lobules

220
Q

Where does left lobe of pancreas lie in the rabbit?

A

Along greater curvature in mesentery between it and transverse colon

221
Q

Where is pancreatic duct in rabbit?

A

Proximal end of desc colon

222
Q

What is sacculus rotundus?

A

Dilatation of terminal ileum forming junction between caecum, ileum and proximal colon

223
Q

What is ampulla caecalis coli?

A

Where fibrous contents are sorted by size

224
Q

What does fusus coli do?

A

Pacemaker, vascular, highly innervated, goblet cells and longitudinal folds

225
Q

What happens to hard faeces and caecotrophs in fusus coli?

A

Hard has strong muscle contractions in fusus coli to squeeze water out, caecotrophs have gentle contraction of fusus coli, mucus secretion of goblet cells and lysozyme which enters caecotrophs

226
Q

What is produced within caecotrophs and absorbed?

A

Lactate

227
Q

What are rabbit calcium levels like?

A

High

228
Q

What is rabbit liver like?

A

Right medial and quadrate lobes are fused around gall bladder

229
Q

Which species have unipyrimidal kidney?

A

Dog cat horse sheep rabbit

230
Q

Which species has multipyrimidal kidney?

A

Pig and human

231
Q

Which species have multilobar multipyrimidal no pelvis?

A

Ox

232
Q

What does horse kidney look like?

A

Terminal recesses

233
Q

Which shapes are left and right horse kidney?

A

Right is heart shaped, left is L

234
Q

Why is pig right kidney nit cranial?

A

Stretched out

235
Q

What is sympathetic innervation to kidney?

A

Aorticorenal ganglia

236
Q

What is kidney parenchyme?

A

Cortex and medulla

237
Q

What is kidney sinus?

A

Pelvis and fat, vessels

238
Q

Why is equine urine turbid?

A

Glands in equine kidney pelvis secrete mucus

239
Q

What is an angiogram?

A

Contrast medium in aorta and renal arteries

240
Q

What is nephrogram?

A

Contrast medium in kidney

241
Q

What is pyelogram?

A

Contrast medium in pelvis

242
Q

What is kidney like on ultrasound?

A

Hypoechoic cortex, near anechoic medulla, echogenic pelvis

243
Q

Where is medulla from?

A

Neural crest

244
Q

Where is cortex from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

245
Q

What is the mesorectum?

A

Rectum to dorsal body wall

246
Q

Which ligs does bladder have?

A

Ventral and lateral vesical

247
Q

Which ligament does uterus have?

A

Broad

248
Q

What attaches testicle to dorsal body wall through inguinal canal?

A

Mesorchium and testic artery

249
Q

Where do ureters come from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

250
Q

What makes internal bladder sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle

251
Q

Where does trigone come from?

A

Mesoderm (rest is ectoderm)

252
Q

Where do lateral vesical ligts come from?

A

Umbilical arteries

253
Q

Where does ventral vesical ligt come from?

A

Ventral mesentery of hindgut, contains urachus to allantois

254
Q

What tissue is male urethra?

A

Urothelium the stratified squamous

255
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Underside of penile urethra not sealed

256
Q

What is omphalophlebitis?

A

Infection of navel

257
Q

What is patent urachus?

A

Urine drips through hole in umbilicus

258
Q

Where does urethra discharge in females?

A

Vestibule

259
Q

What causes urethralis contraction?

A

Pudendal S1-3 somatic

260
Q

What does symp hypogastric nerve do?

A

Alpha 1 cranial urethral smooth muscle contraction, beta 2 detrusor relaxation

261
Q

How does pelvic nerve cause urination?

A

Detrusor relaxation

262
Q

Where does the cranial vesical artery come from?

A

Fetal umbilical artery

263
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery do?

A

Urogenital artery to caudal vesical, caudal ureteric and vaginal and perineal, dorsal penile and urethral arteries

264
Q

Which direction does coccygeus go?

A

Lateral - dorsomedial to ventrolateral

265
Q

Which direction does levator ani go?

A

Medial, dorsocaudal

266
Q

What does the pudendal nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

Perineum, bladder and genitalia

267
Q

What does the pudendal nerve provide motor innervation to?

A

Pelvic diaphragm, EAS and urethral

268
Q

Where do extensors have origins?

A

Laterally

269
Q

Where do flexors have origins?

A

Medially

270
Q

Lateral carpus muscles order?

A

ECR, CDE, LaDE, ECU, FCU

271
Q

Medial carpus muscles order?

A

ECR, Pronator teres, FCR, DDF, SDF, FCU

272
Q

Most cranial muscles of carpus?

A

CDE and ECR

273
Q

Where does the endocardial tube develop from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

274
Q

What does the sinus venosus form?

A

Atrial wall (R) and coronary sinus (L)

275
Q

What does the primitive ventricle form?

A

Left ventricle

276
Q

What does the bulbus cordis form?

A

Right ventricle

277
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus form?

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk

278
Q

What is between the primitive atria and ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

279
Q

What is between the primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis?

A

Bulboventricular sulcus

280
Q

Which directions do the atria and ventricles go?

A

Atria go dorsally and cranially, ventricles go leftward and cranially

281
Q

What do the pulmonary veins form?

A

The left atrium

282
Q

Where is the septum intermedium?

A

Separating common atria > ventricles opening

283
Q

What are the holes the septum primum leaves?

A

Ostium primum and ostium secundum

284
Q

Where does the ventricular septum form from?

A

Caudal edge of bulboventricular sulcus

285
Q

What closes the ventricular septum?

A

Septum intermedium and spiral septum

286
Q

Which cells migrate into the truncus arteriosus to form the spiral septum?

A

Neural crest

287
Q

Why does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

Pressure changes and reduced prostaglandins

288
Q

What prevents carpus flexion in the stay apparatus?

A

Biceps tendon, lacertus fibrosus and ECR tendon cranially and the accessory tendons caudally

289
Q

What makes up the reciprocal apparatus?

A

Peroneus tertius and gastrocnemius and SDF

290
Q

What ligament prevents hip aduction?

A

Accessory

291
Q

What prevents carpus hyperextension?

A

Block shape of carpal bones, palmar carpal ligaments

292
Q

What prevents fetlock hyperextension?

A

Suspensory apparatus, extensor branches of suspensory ligament, flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments. Also suspensory ligt, sesamoid bones and sesamoidean ligaments act as one structure

293
Q

What prevents pastern hyperextension?

A

Palmar ligaments, straight sesamoidean ligament, flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments

294
Q

What prevents pastern joint flexion?

A

Double SDFT attachment to distal proximal and prox middle phalanx

295
Q

What prevents tarsus flexion?

A

SDFT between distal femur and calcanean tuberosity, pulled taut when patella locks

296
Q

WHat stabilises digital joints in the hindlimb?

A

Attachment of SDF to calcaneus eliminates need for accessory ligt

297
Q

Which species has dorsal tail gland?

A

Dog

298
Q

Where does dogs and cats have haemal arches?

A

Cd 4-7

299
Q

Where does superficial pectoral insert in the cat?

A

Ulna and clavicle

300
Q

Which species doesn’t have a sacrosciatic ligament?

A

Cat

301
Q

Which species has a circumoral gland?

A

Cat

302
Q

What is ECU in cows and pigs and horses?

A

Almost certainly a flexor

303
Q

Which species have scapular cartilage?

A

Cow and pig and horse

304
Q

Which species has tuber spinae?

A

Pig and old horses

305
Q

Which carpal bones do pigs and horses have?

A

All 8 but first is small

306
Q

Which species doesn’t have internal obturator or piriformis?

A

Pig and Cow

307
Q

Which species has preputial and carpal glands?

A

Pig

308
Q

Which species has distal talus trochlea?

A

Pig and horse

309
Q

Where do pectorals go in the horse?

A

From scapula to radius

310
Q

Which species doesn’t have accessory head of triceps?

A

Horse

311
Q

What forms collateral ligament in horse?

A

Pronator teres

312
Q

Where does superficial gluteal insert in the horse and what does it do?

A

Third trochanter and is hip flexor

313
Q

Which species doesn’t have fibularis longus and brevis?

A

Horse

314
Q

WHich species has fused first and second tarsal bones?

A

Horse

315
Q

Which species has absent first carpal and fused second and third?

A

Cow

316
Q

Which species has second and third and fourth and central tarsal bones?

A

Cow

317
Q

Why do cows have less rounded buttocks?

A

Only biceps femoris has sacral origin and it is smaller

318
Q

What forms cranial contour of crus in cow?

A

Peroneus tertius

319
Q

Which species has no piriformis?

A

Horse

320
Q

Which species has extra biceps insertion on radius?

A

Horse

321
Q

What forms cranial countou of crus in the horse?

A

LoDE

322
Q

Which muscles have additional proximal origins on the gluteal fascia, sacrum, tail and SS ligament in the horse?

A

Superficial gluteal, biceps, semimem and semitend

323
Q

Which species has inter-transverse synovial articulations?

A

Horse

324
Q

Which side are extensor slips on in the cow?

A

Abaxial

325
Q

What happens to CDE in the cow forelimb?

A

Splits into lateral and medial branch

326
Q

What is movement of proximal intertarsal joint like in the horse?

A

Cow

327
Q

Which species has caudal horn, preorbital and interdigital gland?

A

Cow

328
Q

Where are sympathetic nerves to compound stomach from?

A

From coeliaco (mesenteric) ganglion

329
Q

How do dorsal and ventral vagus get around compound stomach?

A

Via coeliacomesenteric plexus and along arteries or direct

330
Q

Which arteries are there in the compound stomach?

A

From coeliac artery - R + L gastric and gastroepipoic (like the dog) but also R + L ruminal and reticular

331
Q

Where does the long pyloric nerve go?

A

Abomasum

332
Q

WHich parts of the stomach have oblique muscle?

A

All ret and rum

333
Q

Which parts of the ruminant stomach have longitudinal muscle?

A

Drs

334
Q

Which parts of the ruminant stomach have circular muscle?

A

Vrs and ret

335
Q

What does the ulnar artery supply?

A

Flexors

336
Q

What does the cranial interosseus supply?

A

Extensors

337
Q

What’s a 4 beat gait?

A

Walk

338
Q

What’s a 2 beat gait?

A

Trot

339
Q

What’s a three beat gait?

A

Canter

340
Q

What does caudal circumflex humeral do?

A

Loops round to cranial and does arterial anastomosis

341
Q

Where does deep brachial artery go

A

To triceps

342
Q

What does collateral artery do?

A

Goes round olecranon

343
Q

In hindlimb, what does dorsal and plantar deep supply?

A

Deep branch of cranial tibial

344
Q

In hindlimb, what does dorsal and plantar superficial supply?

A

Saphenous

345
Q

Which muscle supplies diaphragm?

A

Musculophrenic

346
Q

Where does the reticular artery go?

A

Lateral aspect

347
Q

Where does the right ruminal artery go?

A

Right longitudinal groove

348
Q

Where does the left ruminal artery go?

A

Under cranial groove to left longitudinal groove

349
Q

What does left gastric anastomose with?

A

Right gastric and caudal oesophageal

350
Q

What does left gastroepiploic anastomose with?

A

Right gastroepiploic

351
Q

What does fundic artery anastomose with?

A

L gastric

352
Q

Branches of splenic artery?

A

L gastroepiploic and fundic

353
Q

Branches of common hepatic?

A

R gastric, R gastroepiploic, Cr pancreaticoduodenal, proper hepatic

354
Q

What has anti-mesenteric branch?

A

Ileum

355
Q

Branches of cranial mesenteric?

A

Cd pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileocolic, right and middle colic

356
Q

Branches of caudal mesenteric?

A

Left colic and cranial rectal

357
Q

What makes the deep palmar arch?

A

Radial

358
Q

What makes the superficial palmar arch?

A

Medial

359
Q

Tributaries of HPV?

A

Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic and common mesenteric

360
Q

Branches of internal iliac?

A

Cranial vesical, parietal, internal pudendal

361
Q

Branches of parietal branch?

A

Iliolumbar, cr and cd gluteal

362
Q

Branches of internal pudendal?

A

Urogential, perineal, dorsal penile and urethral

363
Q

Branches of urogential?

A

Caudal vesical, caudal ureteric, vaginal

364
Q

What does AER secrete to affect progress zone?

A

FGF-8

365
Q

Where does membrane bone form?

A

Within flat membranes between two layers of periosteum

366
Q

What does AER secrete to affect progress zone?

A

FGF-8

367
Q

Where does membrane bone form?

A

Within flat membranes between two layers of periosteum

VAP (1 decks)

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