van Eemeren, H4

Question 1

Strategic maneuvering is aimed at

Answer 1

being reasonable and being effective

Question 2

Houtlosser en van Eemeren have distinguished three aspects of strategic maneuvering

Answer 2

Topical potential,audience demand, presentational devices

Question 3

Topical potential

Answer 3

The repertoire of options for making an argumentative move. In each particular case the arguer can make a choice from a variety of subtypes and variants of argumentation

Question 4

Audience demand

Answer 4

The choice of how to adapt the argumentative moves to meet the audience demand (the requirements pertinent to the audience that is to be reached). To create communion with the audience that is to be reached.

Question 5

Presentational devices

Answer 5

The choice of how the argumentative moves are to be presented in the way that is strategically best.

Question 6

The three aspects run parallel to three prominent areas of interest of classical and modern rhetoricians

Answer 6

(1) The study of topics / topoi
(2) The study of audience orientation and the appeals to endoxa
(3) The study of presentational means that can be used as stylistic devices in the pursuit of reasonableness and effectiveness

Question 7

Dialectical profiles have been developed in order to…

Answer 7

specify the strategic moves

Question 8

A dialectical profile

Answer 8

a sequential pattern of moves the participants in a critical discussion are entitled to make, in order to realize a particular dialectical aim at a particular stage

Question 9

The dialectical profile provides

Answer 9

an overview of the analytically relevant moves in the part of an argumentative discourse covered by the profile.

Question 10

Topical potential per stage

Answer 10

Confrontation stage
Using the disagreement space in such a way that the confrontation is defined in accordance with the party’s preferences
Opening stage
Creating a zone of agreement that offers the most advantageous procedural and material starting points
Argumentation stage
Choosing a line of defence / a line of attack that seems most effective in light of the dialectical situation
Concluding stage
Choosing a strategic portrayal of the scope of conclusiveness in order to conclude with results that come closest to the outcome desired by the party.

Question 11

Composite audience

Answer 11

If an audience is heterogeneous with respect to the position regarding the points at issue and the starting points

Question 12

Multiple audience

Answer 12

different positions in the difference of opinion

Question 13

Mixed audience

Answer 13

different starting points in the difference of opinion

Question 14

Adoption to the audience per stage

Answer 14

Confrontation stage
For example, framing a difference of opinion over values as a difference of opinion over facts because differences over facts are generally easier to accommodate.
Opening stage
Mentioning only material starting points the audience will have no problem with and which are helpful in putting the discussion in a favourable perspective
Argumentation stage
Choosing only arguments that agree with the audience’s sphere of interest
Concluding stage
Sketching the result of the discussion in favour of the audience’s point of view

Question 15

Presentational devices per stage

Answer 15

Confrontation stage
For example, not making his position explicit so that the difference of opinion does not become unnecessarily mixed
Opening stage
Presenting the starting points by using a metaphor that is likely to appeal to the audience
Argumentation stage
Presenting all the arguments explicitly and numbered
Concluding stage
To present the conclusion in a restrained manner, so that it is not rubbed in