Van Amstel Flashcards
1
Q
Name a cause of both oral and teat lesions in cattle.
A
Bovine popular stomatitis
2
Q
Name four conditions associated with F. Necrophorum
A
- Necrotic rhinitis in pigs
- Necrobacillosis
- Liver and lung abscesses
- Foot rot in cattle
3
Q
Name two differentials for retropharyngeal swelling in a 6 mo old calf
A
Actinobacillus
Arcanobacter
4
Q
Which of the following is typically not involved with abscess formation in the face or retropharyngeal area?
- Cutaneous form of Actinobacillosis
- Arcanobacter pyogenes
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
A
Corny bacterium pseudotuberculosis
5
Q
Which disease commonly causes mouth lesions and diarrhea?
A
BVD
6
Q
Name four diseases that typically cause mouth lesions and no diarrhea.
A
- Necrobacillus
- Bovine papular stomatitis
- Vesicular stomatitis
- Blue tongue
7
Q
Why does fluorosis cause a discoloration and increase in wear of teeth?
A
Chelates Ca and makes teeth more brittle.
8
Q
What are the three main functions of the primary cycle?
A
- Mixing
- Emptying
- Absorption
9
Q
What is the normal rumen pH?
A
6.0-6.8 is ideal, but 5.6-7.0 is fine
10
Q
Apart from balanced ration, normal food intake, and normal CNS control, what else is necessary to drive normal fermentation?
A
The right bacteria, and normal rumen fluid (normal saliva component, normal pH)
11
Q
When does the cow produce more saliva?
A
When chewing cud.
12
Q
What is necessary to start rumination?
A
Structured fiber, greater than 1” in length which causes the cow to start chewing cud.
13
Q
Apart from color change, what other organoleptic test will indicate fermentation failure
A
Smell- either absent or really bad
14
Q
Name two characteristic changes in feces associated with functional or physical obstruction of the GI.
A
- Small volume
2. Mucoid and fine
15
Q
What is the normal pH of saliva?
A
8.5
16
Q
Apart from distention, what else is needed to create hyper-resonance in a hollow organ?
A
A fluid gas interface.
17
Q
Name three causes of an “L-shaped” abdomen
A
- Failure of rumen to empty
- Abomasal impaction
- Pyloric outflow obstruction
18
Q
How would you differentiate between hyper-resonance coming from the spiral colon vs pneumoperitoneum?
A
Spiral colon- intermittent
Pneumoperitoneum- bilateral
19
Q
What is the most common pyogenic organism in cattle?
A
Arcanobacter pyogenes
20
Q
Name three organisms that cause abscesses in goats
A
- Caseous lymphadenitis
- Actinobacillosis lignereisi
- Arcanobacter pyogenes
21
Q
What causes necrotic stomatitis?
A
Fusibacterium
22
Q
What is the best treatment for Actinobacillosis?
A
Nal+ penicillin
23
Q
Apart from osmotic pull caused by lactic acid, what other factor can cause pooling of fluid in the gut?
A
Endotoxins
24
Q
What is a complication of feeding antacids to control rumen acidosis?
A
Causes alkaline urine, which can predispose to struvite formation
25
How many mg of bicarb are in a gram of baking soda?
12mg
26
What is isotonic Bicarb?
156mEq/L
27
What is the cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Clostridium perfringes type A (also a complication of subacute rumen acidosis)
28
What is the cause of acute death syndrome?
Clostridium perfringes type A
29
What should you always ask when you have a cow with LDA?
How many days has the cow been off feed or low in milk?
30
If a cow with LDA has been off feed or down in milk for greater than 5 days, what issue will you have?
Adhesions- the roll and toggle method will not work.
31
Why do Ca and K go down when you have alkalosis?
Ca- alkalosis prevents osteoclast receptors from binding PTH
K-cows are dependent on a continuous amount of roughage to maintain normal K, so when they are anorexic or have fermentation failure, they become hypokalemic.
32
Why does pH go up when you have fermentation failure?
Unbalanced VFA's/saliva
-VFA production goes down and increased buffer
Also disintegration of bacteria releases nitrogen, which increases pH
33
Name 5 things fusibacterium causes
1. Calf diphtheria
2. Foot rot in cattle
3. Lung abscess
4. Liver abscesses
5. Necrotic Rhinitis in pigs
34
What are five differentials for ulceration on teats? Which one is most important
1. Foot and mouth
2. Vesicular stomatitis
3. Pseudo Cow pox (most important)
4. Herpes mammilitis
5. Lumpy skin disease (Zoonotic)
35
Name three causes of ulcers in the mouth and throat of cattle.
1. Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
2. Bovine viral diarrhea
3. Type 1 herpes virus
36
What is the rumen pH of a cow that has been off feed for 3 days, and why?
7.1-7.3... Change in VFA:buffer ratio and dead bacteria
37
Name four conditions associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum.
1. Necrobacillosis (necrotic stomatitis)
2. Caudal vena cava syndrome
3. Foot rot
4. Liver abscesses
38
True or false: Regarding grain overload, atony and flaccid fluid filled rumen is not a common finding?
True
39
True or false, regarding grain overload, absorption of both L and D lactate occurs but only D lactate causes acidemia
True
40
Grain overload occurs when ____ (a certain type of bacteria) overgrown in the normal rumen flora.
Gram positive rods
41
Regarding grain overload, _________ is the treatment of choice for a rumen pH of 5 and an animal that is still standing.
Emergency rumenotomy
42
Damage to the _____ nerve can alter or suspend the primary cycle
Vagus
43
The ______ mixing contraction plays a pivotal role in maintaining optimal fermentation
Mixing
44
True or false, blood pH and electrolyte changes can have a negative effect on the gastric center leading to rumen atony.
True
45
Without the buffering effect of saliva the pH of the rumen would be around __________
3-4
46
Loss of large amounts of saliva such as with __________ will result in acidosis
Pharyngeal obstruction
47
The main stimulus for saliva flow is________
Tactile receptor response to structured roughage.
48
Name four things that can cause an L-shaped abdomen.
1. Small intestinal volvulus
2. Free gas bloat
3. Vagal indigestion type I
4. LDA
49
What is the most likely cause of intermittent bloat and regurgitation in a 5 yr old goat?
CAE- caprine arthritis encephalitis
50
You are presented with a 5 yr old dairy cow with anorexia. Rumen analysis shows the following: pH 7.1; methylene blue reduction test- slight discoloration at five minutes, no Protozoa visible, rumen fluid watery with no particular odor. Urine positive for ketones. What would the be most appropriate treatment?
Transfaunation, dexamethasone IM, Vit B12 IM.
51
Name four things associated with cud chewing.
1. Saliva production
2. Mechanical breakdown of lignin
3. Decrease the formation of stable foam through saliva production
4. Deregulates rumen pH by increasing rumen acidity.
52
What is the name of the structure in the calf that allows milk to go directly to the abomasum?
Esophageal-abomasal groove
53
What happens when milk gets into the rumen when its not supposed to?
Abnormal bacterial growth
54
What is the purpose of the intestinal crypts?
That is where mucus is made, and where the progenetor cells come from.
55
When a calf has diarrhea they will generally be ______, hypo___emic, and hypo____emic
acidotic, hyponatremic, and hypokalemic
56
What is the job of M cells in the intestine
Grab macromolecules in the lumen and take it in through pinocytosis
57
What are the five mechanisms of diarrhea?
1. Hypersecratory diarrhea
2. Villous atrophy/malabsorptive diarrhea
3. Inflammatory mediated diarrhea
4. Proliferative Distortion of the mucosa
5. Mucosal necrosis
58
What is an example of hypersecratory diarrhea?
ETEC (E. coli- causes diarrhea in calves
59
what is K99?
a binding protein found on E. coli- signals production of heat stable toxin that binds to cell receptor and produces more cyclic AMP and causes hypersecretion of chloride
60
What two mechanisms of diarrhea does rotavirus cause?
Hypersecratory and villous atrophy diarrhea
61
How long does it take for the new enterocytes to move to the villous tips in a case of rotavirus?
2-3 days
62
What dictates the severity of villous atrophy diarrhea? Give three examples of increasing severity.
Depends on where the virus locates (on just the tips, or deeper)
Rotavirus-just tips
Coronavirus- about the middle
Parvovirus- all the way at the base
63
Give an example of inflammatory mediated diarrhea
Cryptosporidium
64
How old are calves affected with cryptosporidium?
~1 week- 1 month of age
65
Give an example of proliferative distortion diarrhea
Lawsonia intracellularis
66
Give an example of mucosal necrosis diarrhea
Clostridial infections
67
How would you describe a stool score of 2, and of 3?
2- loose, but stays on top of bedding
| 3- watery, sifts through bedding
68
How would you describe a stool score of 1?
1- Semi-formed, pasty (normal)
69
What is nutritional diarrhea?
A calf is fed an overly concentrated diet
- if a formula is mixed to double strength, all those the electrolytes hitting the intestines at once are going to wreak havoc
70
What are the "big 6" causes of calf diarrhea?
```
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum
Salmonella
Coccidiosis ( occurs later)
```
71
How is ETEC spread?
Strictly fecal-oral
| - one affected calf can amplify the infection to other calves
72
What is a good thing about ETEC?
It doesn't destroy the villi, just sits on top of them. So, infections are normally self limiting, if you can keep the calf well hydrated
73
What clinical pathology is true of all of the "big 6"?
Hemoconcentration
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia
74
What is one of the most important diagnostic tests for rotavirus?
Antigen ELISA (of the feces)
75
What other type of virus is rotavirus very similar too?
Coronavirus
76
What is something that is unique to coronavirus? (compared to Rota)
It can be spread in feces AND through resp. secretions
77
If you have an adult calf that had diarrhea as a baby, but never quite grew right after, what might you suspect as the cause of the initial diarrhea?
Coronavirus- because causes scars on intestinal villi and prevents proper absorption of nutrition
78
What age of calf does Cryptosporidium affect?
Calves
79
pair a cause of diarrhea with this statement "DON'T KISS CALVES"
Cryptosporidium
80
What is the diagnostic test of choice for cyrpto?
fecal float (sheather's)
81
What are the end products of fermentation?
VFA's
Protein,
Non-protein nitrogen
82
What is the mixing cycle also known as?
The primary cycle
83
What are the three motor functions of fermentation
Mixing (primary cylce)
Eructation (secondary cylce)
Rumination (chewing the cud)
84
What are the motor functions controlled by? What nerve is in charge of this?
controlled by the gastric center via the vagus
85
What is the main source of VFA's in the rumen?
Cellulos/hemicellulos
86
Name the three VFA's and their relative concentrations
Acetate (60-70%)
Buterate (10-15%)
Proprionate (15-20%)
87
What is the transit time of easily digestible hay?
4 days
88
What is another name for the primary cycle?
the mixing cycle
89
How many primary cycles should you hear in 1 minute?
1-4 (more if she's eating)
90
In which rib spaces is the reticulum normally located?
6-8
91
How does the primary cycle help with absorption?
It reloads the concentration gradient of the VFA's
92
What does failure of eructation result in?
Bloat
93
What are two mechanisms that would lead to eructation failure?
1. Obstruction of the cardia (adhesions or foreign bodies
| 2. persistence of foam (foamy bloat)
94
How much saliva does an adult cow produce in a day?
100-190L
95
What is another name for rumiantion?
cud-chewing
96
What triggers cud-chewing?
tactile receptors in the cardia are stimulated by fibers .1in in length
97
What are the functions of saliva?
Mechanical breakdown of lignin
lubrication during swallowing
Buffers rumen pH (w/out saliva, it would be 3)
Prevents foamy bloat by reducing surface tension and changing gas into free gas phase
98
What causes a ping?
a fluid-gas interface in a distended hollow structure
99
For an LDA, where is the ping?
Under the left rib cage extending to the last intercostal space
100
Where is a rumen ping?
from the 2-3rrd intercostal space all the way back through the para-lumbar fossa (more caudal than the LDA ping)
101
What causes a rumen ping?
Fermentation failure- the coarse mat sinks to the bottom, creating a fluid gas interface
102
Where is a pneumoperitoneum ping located?
small dorsal ping in last two intercostal spaces- and it is bilateral!
103
Where is the ping for a RDA?
a large area on the right side of the body- going slightly into the paralumbar fossa
104
Where is a spiral colon ping?
on the right side dorsal in last intercostal space, and it is often intermittent
105
Where would a ping associated with the cecum be? (or sometimes metritis)
on the right side in the paralumbar fossa
106
What is the problem with collecting a rumen fluid sample through a stomach tube?
saliva will throw off your sample's pH
107
Where is the best place to do a rumenocentesis?
left side behind the costal arch at level of the knee
108
What does a milky gray color of rumen fluid indicate?
rumen acidosis
109
What does a dark brown color of rumen fluid indicate?
Alkalosis
110
What does an absent or putrid smell of rumen fluid indicate?
Alkalosis
| -absent due to no VFA's or putrid due to decomposition
111
What will happen to the rumen pH if the diet is rich in concentrates?
it will be decreased
112
After feeding, how long does it take for the pH to represent the true acidicity of the rumen?
~4hrs
113
What is the common name for oral necrobacillosis?
Calf diptheria
114
what is the common name for actinomycosis?
Lumpy jaw
115
is vesicular stomatitis common?
Nope
116
What does BMC stand for
Bovine malignant catharral fever
117
What is the common name or actinobacillosis?
Wooden tongue
118
What three things cause discoloration of teeth?
Fluorosis
Porphyria- reddish brown stain
Tetracycline
119
Besides discoloration of teeth, what symptom does fluorosis cause?
Deposition of calcium chloride periostially (seen in meta-tarsus/carpus)
120
Name four things that can cause excessive wear on teeth
Abrasive diets
overgrazing
fluorosis
Diets low in Ca and Po4
121
Name four synonyms for Simple indigestion
Alkaline indigestion
Subacture Rumen alkalosis
Biochemical failure
Fermentation failure (most common)
122
What is the most common problem of the ruminant forestomachs"?
Fermentation failure (aka simple indigestion)
123
What is characterized by decreased VFA production, mild rumen alkalosis, rumen atony or hypomotility?
Fermentation failure
124
What is the most common cause of simple indigestion?
Feeding abnormalities
| - takes 30 days for microbes to adapt to a diet change
125
What is hyperkeratosis of the rumen associated with?
Subacute rumen acidosis
126
What is the general rumen pH in subacute rumen acidosis?
5.5-5.6
127
What does the relative concentration of VFA's look like in a cow with subacute rumen acidosis, vs a normal cow??
Acetic acid goes down
Butyric acid goes up
surge in proprionic acid
128
Why does low milk fat cause acidosis?
drop in acetic acid
129
Why does rumen malabsorption cause acidosis?
High levels of butyric acid
130
Why does fat cow syndrom cause acidosis?
proprionic acid surge caused by increase in lactic acid fermenters- occurs in the "rounding out phase"
131
name four problems you would see with rumen acidosis
Rumenitis
Liver abscesses
Posterior vena cava thrombosis
Laminitis (caused by endotoxin)
132
What is acute death syndrom caused by?
C perfringes enterocolitis
133
What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrom associated with?
C perfringes enterocolitis
134
What causes mycotic rumenitis?
normal fungi in the rumen overgrow when the pH gets too low. most common one is mucor
135
What is thiamine critical for?
Krebs cycle (especially in organs with rapid metabolic cyle like the brain)
136
What would be a differential for a goat presenting with neurologic sings?
cerebro-cortical necrosis
137
What is diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis done
random pH samples throughout the herd
138
What is the rumen pH associated with lactic acidosis?
~5.2-4.8
139
Of L and D lactic acid, which can be metabolized?
L can be
| D can't be
140
How does lactic acidosis cause dehydration?
increased rumen osmolality pulls extracellular fluid into the rumen (also causes osmotic diarrhea)
141
What PE findings indicate lactic acidosis?
dehydration with a large, fluid filled rumen
142
What is absolute diagnosis for rumen acidosis?
rumen pH of less than 5
143
What are three types of vagal indigestion?
Failure of eructation
FAilure of omasal transport
Failure of abomasal transport
144
How would you distinguish type II from Type III vagus indigestion?
Type III will show increase in Cl in the rumen (its backing up from the abomasum) pH may be slightly down, but that is not diagnostic
145
What are the two causes of frothy bloat?
Lush legume pasture and concentrate diets
