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Alimentary Exam 1 > Van Amstel > Flashcards

Van Amstel Flashcards

1
Q

Name a cause of both oral and teat lesions in cattle.

A

Bovine popular stomatitis

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2
Q

Name four conditions associated with F. Necrophorum

A
  1. Necrotic rhinitis in pigs
  2. Necrobacillosis
  3. Liver and lung abscesses
  4. Foot rot in cattle
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3
Q

Name two differentials for retropharyngeal swelling in a 6 mo old calf

A

Actinobacillus

Arcanobacter

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4
Q

Which of the following is typically not involved with abscess formation in the face or retropharyngeal area?

  • Cutaneous form of Actinobacillosis
  • Arcanobacter pyogenes
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
A

Corny bacterium pseudotuberculosis

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5
Q

Which disease commonly causes mouth lesions and diarrhea?

A

BVD

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6
Q

Name four diseases that typically cause mouth lesions and no diarrhea.

A
  1. Necrobacillus
  2. Bovine papular stomatitis
  3. Vesicular stomatitis
  4. Blue tongue
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7
Q

Why does fluorosis cause a discoloration and increase in wear of teeth?

A

Chelates Ca and makes teeth more brittle.

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8
Q

What are the three main functions of the primary cycle?

A
  1. Mixing
  2. Emptying
  3. Absorption
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9
Q

What is the normal rumen pH?

A

6.0-6.8 is ideal, but 5.6-7.0 is fine

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10
Q

Apart from balanced ration, normal food intake, and normal CNS control, what else is necessary to drive normal fermentation?

A

The right bacteria, and normal rumen fluid (normal saliva component, normal pH)

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11
Q

When does the cow produce more saliva?

A

When chewing cud.

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12
Q

What is necessary to start rumination?

A

Structured fiber, greater than 1” in length which causes the cow to start chewing cud.

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13
Q

Apart from color change, what other organoleptic test will indicate fermentation failure

A

Smell- either absent or really bad

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14
Q

Name two characteristic changes in feces associated with functional or physical obstruction of the GI.

A
  1. Small volume

2. Mucoid and fine

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15
Q

What is the normal pH of saliva?

A

8.5

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16
Q

Apart from distention, what else is needed to create hyper-resonance in a hollow organ?

A

A fluid gas interface.

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17
Q

Name three causes of an “L-shaped” abdomen

A
  1. Failure of rumen to empty
  2. Abomasal impaction
  3. Pyloric outflow obstruction
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18
Q

How would you differentiate between hyper-resonance coming from the spiral colon vs pneumoperitoneum?

A

Spiral colon- intermittent

Pneumoperitoneum- bilateral

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19
Q

What is the most common pyogenic organism in cattle?

A

Arcanobacter pyogenes

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20
Q

Name three organisms that cause abscesses in goats

A
  1. Caseous lymphadenitis
  2. Actinobacillosis lignereisi
  3. Arcanobacter pyogenes
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21
Q

What causes necrotic stomatitis?

A

Fusibacterium

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22
Q

What is the best treatment for Actinobacillosis?

A

Nal+ penicillin

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23
Q

Apart from osmotic pull caused by lactic acid, what other factor can cause pooling of fluid in the gut?

A

Endotoxins

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24
Q

What is a complication of feeding antacids to control rumen acidosis?

A

Causes alkaline urine, which can predispose to struvite formation

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25
Q

How many mg of bicarb are in a gram of baking soda?

A

12mg

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26
Q

What is isotonic Bicarb?

A

156mEq/L

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27
Q

What is the cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Clostridium perfringes type A (also a complication of subacute rumen acidosis)

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28
Q

What is the cause of acute death syndrome?

A

Clostridium perfringes type A

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29
Q

What should you always ask when you have a cow with LDA?

A

How many days has the cow been off feed or low in milk?

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30
Q

If a cow with LDA has been off feed or down in milk for greater than 5 days, what issue will you have?

A

Adhesions- the roll and toggle method will not work.

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31
Q

Why do Ca and K go down when you have alkalosis?

A

Ca- alkalosis prevents osteoclast receptors from binding PTH
K-cows are dependent on a continuous amount of roughage to maintain normal K, so when they are anorexic or have fermentation failure, they become hypokalemic.

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32
Q

Why does pH go up when you have fermentation failure?

A

Unbalanced VFA’s/saliva
-VFA production goes down and increased buffer

Also disintegration of bacteria releases nitrogen, which increases pH

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33
Q

Name 5 things fusibacterium causes

A
  1. Calf diphtheria
  2. Foot rot in cattle
  3. Lung abscess
  4. Liver abscesses
  5. Necrotic Rhinitis in pigs
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34
Q

What are five differentials for ulceration on teats? Which one is most important

A
  1. Foot and mouth
  2. Vesicular stomatitis
  3. Pseudo Cow pox (most important)
  4. Herpes mammilitis
  5. Lumpy skin disease (Zoonotic)
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35
Q

Name three causes of ulcers in the mouth and throat of cattle.

A
  1. Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
  2. Bovine viral diarrhea
  3. Type 1 herpes virus
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36
Q

What is the rumen pH of a cow that has been off feed for 3 days, and why?

A

7.1-7.3… Change in VFA:buffer ratio and dead bacteria

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37
Q

Name four conditions associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum.

A
  1. Necrobacillosis (necrotic stomatitis)
  2. Caudal vena cava syndrome
  3. Foot rot
  4. Liver abscesses
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38
Q

True or false: Regarding grain overload, atony and flaccid fluid filled rumen is not a common finding?

A

True

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39
Q

True or false, regarding grain overload, absorption of both L and D lactate occurs but only D lactate causes acidemia

A

True

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40
Q

Grain overload occurs when ____ (a certain type of bacteria) overgrown in the normal rumen flora.

A

Gram positive rods

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41
Q

Regarding grain overload, _________ is the treatment of choice for a rumen pH of 5 and an animal that is still standing.

A

Emergency rumenotomy

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42
Q

Damage to the _____ nerve can alter or suspend the primary cycle

A

Vagus

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43
Q

The ______ mixing contraction plays a pivotal role in maintaining optimal fermentation

A

Mixing

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44
Q

True or false, blood pH and electrolyte changes can have a negative effect on the gastric center leading to rumen atony.

A

True

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45
Q

Without the buffering effect of saliva the pH of the rumen would be around __________

A

3-4

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46
Q

Loss of large amounts of saliva such as with __________ will result in acidosis

A

Pharyngeal obstruction

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47
Q

The main stimulus for saliva flow is________

A

Tactile receptor response to structured roughage.

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48
Q

Name four things that can cause an L-shaped abdomen.

A
  1. Small intestinal volvulus
  2. Free gas bloat
  3. Vagal indigestion type I
  4. LDA
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49
Q

What is the most likely cause of intermittent bloat and regurgitation in a 5 yr old goat?

A

CAE- caprine arthritis encephalitis

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50
Q

You are presented with a 5 yr old dairy cow with anorexia. Rumen analysis shows the following: pH 7.1; methylene blue reduction test- slight discoloration at five minutes, no Protozoa visible, rumen fluid watery with no particular odor. Urine positive for ketones. What would the be most appropriate treatment?

A

Transfaunation, dexamethasone IM, Vit B12 IM.

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51
Q

Name four things associated with cud chewing.

A
  1. Saliva production
  2. Mechanical breakdown of lignin
  3. Decrease the formation of stable foam through saliva production
  4. Deregulates rumen pH by increasing rumen acidity.
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52
Q

What is the name of the structure in the calf that allows milk to go directly to the abomasum?

A

Esophageal-abomasal groove

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53
Q

What happens when milk gets into the rumen when its not supposed to?

A

Abnormal bacterial growth

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54
Q

What is the purpose of the intestinal crypts?

A

That is where mucus is made, and where the progenetor cells come from.

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55
Q

When a calf has diarrhea they will generally be ______, hypo___emic, and hypo____emic

A

acidotic, hyponatremic, and hypokalemic

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56
Q

What is the job of M cells in the intestine

A

Grab macromolecules in the lumen and take it in through pinocytosis

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57
Q

What are the five mechanisms of diarrhea?

A
  1. Hypersecratory diarrhea
  2. Villous atrophy/malabsorptive diarrhea
  3. Inflammatory mediated diarrhea
  4. Proliferative Distortion of the mucosa
  5. Mucosal necrosis
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58
Q

What is an example of hypersecratory diarrhea?

A

ETEC (E. coli- causes diarrhea in calves

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59
Q

what is K99?

A

a binding protein found on E. coli- signals production of heat stable toxin that binds to cell receptor and produces more cyclic AMP and causes hypersecretion of chloride

60
Q

What two mechanisms of diarrhea does rotavirus cause?

A

Hypersecratory and villous atrophy diarrhea

61
Q

How long does it take for the new enterocytes to move to the villous tips in a case of rotavirus?

A

2-3 days

62
Q

What dictates the severity of villous atrophy diarrhea? Give three examples of increasing severity.

A

Depends on where the virus locates (on just the tips, or deeper)
Rotavirus-just tips
Coronavirus- about the middle
Parvovirus- all the way at the base

63
Q

Give an example of inflammatory mediated diarrhea

A

Cryptosporidium

64
Q

How old are calves affected with cryptosporidium?

A

~1 week- 1 month of age

65
Q

Give an example of proliferative distortion diarrhea

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

66
Q

Give an example of mucosal necrosis diarrhea

A

Clostridial infections

67
Q

How would you describe a stool score of 2, and of 3?

A

2- loose, but stays on top of bedding

3- watery, sifts through bedding

68
Q

How would you describe a stool score of 1?

A

1- Semi-formed, pasty (normal)

69
Q

What is nutritional diarrhea?

A

A calf is fed an overly concentrated diet
- if a formula is mixed to double strength, all those the electrolytes hitting the intestines at once are going to wreak havoc

70
Q

What are the “big 6” causes of calf diarrhea?

A 
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum
Salmonella
Coccidiosis ( occurs later)
71
Q

How is ETEC spread?

A

Strictly fecal-oral

- one affected calf can amplify the infection to other calves

72
Q

What is a good thing about ETEC?

A

It doesn’t destroy the villi, just sits on top of them. So, infections are normally self limiting, if you can keep the calf well hydrated

73
Q

What clinical pathology is true of all of the “big 6”?

A

Hemoconcentration
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia

74
Q

What is one of the most important diagnostic tests for rotavirus?

A

Antigen ELISA (of the feces)

75
Q

What other type of virus is rotavirus very similar too?

A

Coronavirus

76
Q

What is something that is unique to coronavirus? (compared to Rota)

A

It can be spread in feces AND through resp. secretions

77
Q

If you have an adult calf that had diarrhea as a baby, but never quite grew right after, what might you suspect as the cause of the initial diarrhea?

A

Coronavirus- because causes scars on intestinal villi and prevents proper absorption of nutrition

78
Q

What age of calf does Cryptosporidium affect?

A

Calves

79
Q

pair a cause of diarrhea with this statement “DON’T KISS CALVES”

A

Cryptosporidium

80
Q

What is the diagnostic test of choice for cyrpto?

A

fecal float (sheather’s)

81
Q

What are the end products of fermentation?

A

VFA’s
Protein,
Non-protein nitrogen

82
Q

What is the mixing cycle also known as?

A

The primary cycle

83
Q

What are the three motor functions of fermentation

A

Mixing (primary cylce)
Eructation (secondary cylce)
Rumination (chewing the cud)

84
Q

What are the motor functions controlled by? What nerve is in charge of this?

A

controlled by the gastric center via the vagus

85
Q

What is the main source of VFA’s in the rumen?

A

Cellulos/hemicellulos

86
Q

Name the three VFA’s and their relative concentrations

A

Acetate (60-70%)
Buterate (10-15%)
Proprionate (15-20%)

87
Q

What is the transit time of easily digestible hay?

A

4 days

88
Q

What is another name for the primary cycle?

A

the mixing cycle

89
Q

How many primary cycles should you hear in 1 minute?

A

1-4 (more if she’s eating)

90
Q

In which rib spaces is the reticulum normally located?

A

6-8

91
Q

How does the primary cycle help with absorption?

A

It reloads the concentration gradient of the VFA’s

92
Q

What does failure of eructation result in?

A

Bloat

93
Q

What are two mechanisms that would lead to eructation failure?

A
  1. Obstruction of the cardia (adhesions or foreign bodies

2. persistence of foam (foamy bloat)

94
Q

How much saliva does an adult cow produce in a day?

A

100-190L

95
Q

What is another name for rumiantion?

A

cud-chewing

96
Q

What triggers cud-chewing?

A

tactile receptors in the cardia are stimulated by fibers .1in in length

97
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Mechanical breakdown of lignin
lubrication during swallowing
Buffers rumen pH (w/out saliva, it would be 3)
Prevents foamy bloat by reducing surface tension and changing gas into free gas phase

98
Q

What causes a ping?

A

a fluid-gas interface in a distended hollow structure

99
Q

For an LDA, where is the ping?

A

Under the left rib cage extending to the last intercostal space

100
Q

Where is a rumen ping?

A

from the 2-3rrd intercostal space all the way back through the para-lumbar fossa (more caudal than the LDA ping)

101
Q

What causes a rumen ping?

A

Fermentation failure- the coarse mat sinks to the bottom, creating a fluid gas interface

102
Q

Where is a pneumoperitoneum ping located?

A

small dorsal ping in last two intercostal spaces- and it is bilateral!

103
Q

Where is the ping for a RDA?

A

a large area on the right side of the body- going slightly into the paralumbar fossa

104
Q

Where is a spiral colon ping?

A

on the right side dorsal in last intercostal space, and it is often intermittent

105
Q

Where would a ping associated with the cecum be? (or sometimes metritis)

A

on the right side in the paralumbar fossa

106
Q

What is the problem with collecting a rumen fluid sample through a stomach tube?

A

saliva will throw off your sample’s pH

107
Q

Where is the best place to do a rumenocentesis?

A

left side behind the costal arch at level of the knee

108
Q

What does a milky gray color of rumen fluid indicate?

A

rumen acidosis

109
Q

What does a dark brown color of rumen fluid indicate?

A

Alkalosis

110
Q

What does an absent or putrid smell of rumen fluid indicate?

A

Alkalosis

-absent due to no VFA’s or putrid due to decomposition

111
Q

What will happen to the rumen pH if the diet is rich in concentrates?

A

it will be decreased

112
Q

After feeding, how long does it take for the pH to represent the true acidicity of the rumen?

A

~4hrs

113
Q

What is the common name for oral necrobacillosis?

A

Calf diptheria

114
Q

what is the common name for actinomycosis?

A

Lumpy jaw

115
Q

is vesicular stomatitis common?

A

Nope

116
Q

What does BMC stand for

A

Bovine malignant catharral fever

117
Q

What is the common name or actinobacillosis?

A

Wooden tongue

118
Q

What three things cause discoloration of teeth?

A

Fluorosis
Porphyria- reddish brown stain
Tetracycline

119
Q

Besides discoloration of teeth, what symptom does fluorosis cause?

A

Deposition of calcium chloride periostially (seen in meta-tarsus/carpus)

120
Q

Name four things that can cause excessive wear on teeth

A

Abrasive diets
overgrazing
fluorosis
Diets low in Ca and Po4

121
Q

Name four synonyms for Simple indigestion

A

Alkaline indigestion
Subacture Rumen alkalosis
Biochemical failure
Fermentation failure (most common)

122
Q

What is the most common problem of the ruminant forestomachs”?

A

Fermentation failure (aka simple indigestion)

123
Q

What is characterized by decreased VFA production, mild rumen alkalosis, rumen atony or hypomotility?

A

Fermentation failure

124
Q

What is the most common cause of simple indigestion?

A

Feeding abnormalities

- takes 30 days for microbes to adapt to a diet change

125
Q

What is hyperkeratosis of the rumen associated with?

A

Subacute rumen acidosis

126
Q

What is the general rumen pH in subacute rumen acidosis?

A

5.5-5.6

127
Q

What does the relative concentration of VFA’s look like in a cow with subacute rumen acidosis, vs a normal cow??

A

Acetic acid goes down
Butyric acid goes up
surge in proprionic acid

128
Q

Why does low milk fat cause acidosis?

A

drop in acetic acid

129
Q

Why does rumen malabsorption cause acidosis?

A

High levels of butyric acid

130
Q

Why does fat cow syndrom cause acidosis?

A

proprionic acid surge caused by increase in lactic acid fermenters- occurs in the “rounding out phase”

131
Q

name four problems you would see with rumen acidosis

A

Rumenitis
Liver abscesses
Posterior vena cava thrombosis
Laminitis (caused by endotoxin)

132
Q

What is acute death syndrom caused by?

A

C perfringes enterocolitis

133
Q

What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrom associated with?

A

C perfringes enterocolitis

134
Q

What causes mycotic rumenitis?

A

normal fungi in the rumen overgrow when the pH gets too low. most common one is mucor

135
Q

What is thiamine critical for?

A

Krebs cycle (especially in organs with rapid metabolic cyle like the brain)

136
Q

What would be a differential for a goat presenting with neurologic sings?

A

cerebro-cortical necrosis

137
Q

What is diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis done

A

random pH samples throughout the herd

138
Q

What is the rumen pH associated with lactic acidosis?

A

~5.2-4.8

139
Q

Of L and D lactic acid, which can be metabolized?

A

L can be

D can’t be

140
Q

How does lactic acidosis cause dehydration?

A

increased rumen osmolality pulls extracellular fluid into the rumen (also causes osmotic diarrhea)

141
Q

What PE findings indicate lactic acidosis?

A

dehydration with a large, fluid filled rumen

142
Q

What is absolute diagnosis for rumen acidosis?

A

rumen pH of less than 5

143
Q

What are three types of vagal indigestion?

A

Failure of eructation
FAilure of omasal transport
Failure of abomasal transport

144
Q

How would you distinguish type II from Type III vagus indigestion?

A

Type III will show increase in Cl in the rumen (its backing up from the abomasum) pH may be slightly down, but that is not diagnostic

145
Q

What are the two causes of frothy bloat?

A

Lush legume pasture and concentrate diets

Alimentary Exam 1 (2 decks)

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