Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards
What is aortic stenosis caused by? (4)
Thickening of valve
Calcification (age, congenital abnormalities)
Rheumatic valve disease
Congenital abnormalities
What signs would you find on examination of aortic stenosis? (4)
Systolic heart murmur
Slow rising radial pulse
Heaving apex beat
Radiation to carotid arteries
Describe the symptoms of aortic stenosis. (5)
SOB Pre-syncope Syncope Chest pain Exercise intolerance
What is aortic regurgitation caused by? (5)
Degeneration Rheumatic valve disease Aortic root dilation Systemic disease Endocarditis
Give 4 examples of systemic diseases which can cause aortic regurgitation.
Marfan’s syndrome
Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
Ankylosing spondylitis
SLE
What signs would you find on examination of aortic regurgitation? (2)
Diastolic murmur
Collapsing pulse
Describe the symptoms of aortic regurgitation. (2)
SOB
Exercise intolerance
What causes a bicuspid aortic valve? (2)
Genetics
Anatomical variant
Describe the signs and symptoms of a bicuspid aortic valve. (1)
Asymptomatic
What are the consequences of a bicuspid aortic valve? (2)
Premature dysfunction
Aortic abnormalities
What can cause mitral stenosis? (6)
Rheumatic valve disease Pressure overload Dilated LA Atrial fibrillation Pulmonary hypertension Secondary right heart dilation
Describe the signs found on examination of mitral stenosis. (3)
Diastolic murmur
Tapping apex beat
Opening snap (of mitral valve)
Describe the clinical features of mitral stenosis. (5)
SOB Palpitations Chest pain Haemoptysis Right heart failure symptoms (e.g. pulmonary oedema)
What can cause mitral regurgitation? (6)
Multifactorial structural problems Volume overload in LA/LV LA/LV dilation Pulmonary hypertension Secondary right heart dilation Atrial fibrillation
Describe the signs found on examination of mitral regurgitation. (3)
Systolic murmur
Radiation to axilla
Arrhythmias (esp. AF)
Describe the clinical features of mitral regurgitation. (3)
SOB
Palpitations
Right heart failure symptoms (e.g. pulmonary oedema)
List the 3 types of procedural interventions which can be used to treat valvular heart disease.
Mitraclip
Valvuloplasty
TAVI (trans-aortic valve insertion)
What are the complications of a TAVI procedure? (3)
Stroke
Annulus rupture
Death
