Valves

Question 1

Pseudo-AS

Answer 1

When the ventricle is too weak to open the valve and you get a falsely low AV area.

Question 2

Paradoxical low gradient AS from high afterload

Answer 2

SBP+MG/SVi = valvuloarterial impedance…if > 4.5 -5, indicates high afterload as source of low gradient

Question 3

Low flow low gradient AS

Answer 3

When stroke volume index is less than 35 and EF less than 50

Question 4

AV calcium score for severity

Answer 4

2000 for males

1500 for females

Question 5

AV area index

Answer 5

0.6 cm2/m2 or less is severe

Question 6

Vena contracta in acute severe AR

Answer 6

More reliable

Question 7

Vena contracta of AR
RV
ERO

Answer 7

> 0.6 cm severe
60 cc/beat
0.3 cm2

Question 8

PHT for severe AR

Answer 8

Less than 200

Question 9

ESDi for severe AR

Answer 9

> 25 mm/m2

Question 10

Where to measure Pisa in time

Answer 10

At peak velocity
AR at early diastole

MR at mid systole

Question 11

Tricuspid valve stenosis

Answer 11

<2 mmHg normal
>5-7 mmHg severe
Measure in held expiration
PHT >190 msec is severe
TV Area = 190/PHT
Valve area <1 cm2

Question 12

Tricuspid valve regurgitation

Answer 12

Vena contracta > 0.6 cm
Angle correction 220 deg
ERO 0.4 cm2
RV 45 mL