Valves

Question 1

AS Peak velocity - Mild (m/s)

Answer 1

2.5-2.9

Question 2

AS Peak velocity - Severe (m/s)

Answer 2

4.0-4.9

Question 3

AS Mean gradient (mmHg) - Mild

Answer 3

<20

Question 4

AS Mean gradient (mmHg) - Severe

Answer 4

40-59

Question 5

AS Valve area - Mild

Answer 5

> 1.5

Question 6

AS Valve area - Severe

Answer 6

<1

Question 7

AS Valve area/BSA - Mild

Answer 7

> 0.85

Question 8

AS Valve area/BSA - Severe

Answer 8

<0.6

Question 9

AS Velocity ratio - Mild

Answer 9

> 0.5

Question 10

AS Velocity ratio - Severe

Answer 10

<0.25

Question 11

AS Valve area - Very Severe

Answer 11

<0.6

Question 12

AR Pressure half time (ms) - Mild

Answer 12

> 500

Question 13

AR Pressure half time (ms) - Severe

Answer 13

<200

Question 14

AR Diastolic flow reversal desc Ao - Mild

Answer 14

Brief, early

Question 15

AR Diastolic flow reversal desc Ao - Severe

Answer 15

Prominent holodiastolic

Question 16

AR Jet density CW - Mild

Answer 16

Incomplete/Faint

Question 17

AR Jet density CW - Severe

Answer 17

Dense

Question 18

AR Dao end-diastolic velocity (cm/s) - Severe

Answer 18

> 20

Question 19

AR Jet width / LVOTd* (%) - Mild

Answer 19

<25%

Question 20

AR Jet width / LVOTd* (%) - Severe

Answer 20

> 65%

Question 21

MR Jet area/LA % - Severe

Answer 21

> 50%

Question 22

MR Pulmonary vein systolic flow - Mild

Answer 22

Dominance

Question 23

MR Pulmonary vein systolic flow - Moderate

Answer 23

Blunting

Question 24

MR Pulmonary vein systolic flow - Severe

Answer 24

Flow reversal

Question 25

MR Regurgitant orifice area (cm²) - Mild

Answer 25

<0.2 cm2

Question 26

MR Regurgitant orifice area (cm²) - Severe

Answer 26

> 0.40 cm2

Question 27

MR Regurgitant volume (mL) - Mild

Answer 27

<30

Question 28

MR Regurgitant volume (mL) - Severe

Answer 28

> 60

Question 29

MR Regurgitant fraction (%) - Mild

Answer 29

<30

Question 30

MR Regurgitant fraction (%) - Severe

Answer 30

> 50

Question 31

MR PISAr at Nyquist 40cm/s (cm) - Mild

Answer 31

<0.3

Question 32

MR PISAr at Nyquist 40cm/s (cm) - Severe

Answer 32

≥1.0

Question 33

MR Vena contracta width (cm) - Mild

Answer 33

<0.3

Question 34

MR Vena contracta width (cm) - Severe

Answer 34

≥0.7

Question 35

MS Valve Area - Mild

Answer 35

1.6–2.0 cm2

Question 36

MS Valve Area - Severe

Answer 36

<1.0 cm2

Question 37

MS Mean gradient (mmHg) - Mild

Answer 37

<5

Question 38

MS Mean gradient (mmHg) - Severe

Answer 38

> 10

Question 39

MS Systolic PA pressure (mmHg) - mild

Answer 39

<30

Question 40

MS Systolic PA pressure (mmHg) - Severe

Answer 40

> 50

Question 41

PR Jet width/RVOT - Severe

Answer 41

> 65%

Question 42

PR Vena contracta/PV annulus (%) - Mild

Answer 42

<50

Question 43

PR Vena contracta/PV annulus (%) - Severe

Answer 43

> 70

Question 44

PR-Pressure half time (ms) - Severe

Answer 44

<100

Question 45

PR Deceleration time (ms) - Severe

Answer 45

<260

Question 46

PR Flow reversal - Severe

Answer 46

Flow reversal seen within a PA branch

Question 47

PR Doppler PR Index - Severe

Answer 47

<0.77

Question 48

TR EROA by PISA (cm2) - Mild

Answer 48

<0.2

Question 49

TR EROA by PISA (cm2) - Severe

Answer 49

≥0.40

Question 50

TR Regurgitant volume by PISA (mL) - Mild

Answer 50

<30

Question 51

TR Regurgitant volume by PISA (mL) - Severe

Answer 51

> 45

Question 52

TR Vena contracta width (cm) - Mild

Answer 52

<0.3

Question 53

TR Vena contracta width (cm) - Severe

Answer 53

> 0.7

Question 54

TR PISAr at Nyquist 28 cm/s (cm) - Mild

Answer 54

<0.5

Question 55

TR PISAr at Nyquist 28 cm/s (cm) - Severe

Answer 55

> 0.9

Question 56

TR Hepatic vein flow

Answer 56

Systolic flow reversal when severe

Question 57

TR CW doppler signal - mild

Answer 57

Faint/partial/parabolic

Question 58

TR CW doppler signal - Severe

Answer 58

Triangular confirms severe

Question 59

TS Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) - Severe

Answer 59

≥5

Question 60

TS Pressure half time (ms)

Answer 60

> 190

Question 61

TS Valve area by continuity (cm²)

Answer 61

<1