Valve Diseases

Question 1

Cause of Mitral Stenosis?

Answer 1

Rheumatic Fever

Question 2

Mid/late diastolic murmur

Answer 2

m/T stenosis

Question 3

Corrigan’s

Answer 3

increase in carotid pulse, sign of aortic regurgitation

Question 4

Tricuspid regurgitation - murmur

Answer 4

holosystolic that increases with inspiration

Question 5

which murmur radiates to the carotid

Answer 5

aortic stenosis

Question 6

Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 6

edema, ascites, hepatic congestion, JVD

Question 7

Holosystolic murmur

Answer 7

Mitral and Tricuspid regurgitation

Question 8

Tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 8

backflow in systole to lead to RA dilation

Question 9

Tricuspid stenosis murmur

Answer 9

mid/late diastolic that increases with inspiration.

Question 10

Symptoms of mitral regurgitation

Answer 10

RHF, pulmonary hypertension, A fibrillation

Question 11

Pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 11

pulmonary backflow in diastole to cause RV dilation. Mild to moderate is common in ECHO, and requires not testing

Question 12

bicsupid aortic valve pathology

Answer 12

increase in MMPs, and myofibrillar elements to lead to cell death.

Question 13

Aortic regurgitation

Answer 13

Backflow into LV in diastole to lead to LV dilation.

Question 14

Associating problems with bicuspid aoritc valve

Answer 14

AS, AI, Aortic dilation, endocarditis, coarctation

Question 15

Tricuspid Stenosis Etiology

Answer 15

Rhematic Disease

Question 16

Mitral stenosis murmur

Answer 16

mid/late diastolic

Question 17

Aortic regurgitation - symptoms

Answer 17

Water-hammer, deMussets, Quinckes, Meullers, Corrigans, Dyspnea, Pulmonary Edema

Question 18

Tricuspid regurgitation etiology

Answer 18

80% functional - annular dilation, leaflet tether.

Question 19

Increased severity of mitral stenosis

Answer 19

earlier snap and longer murmur duration

Question 20

Aortic Stenosis Etiology

Answer 20

Bicuspid AV, calcific, Rheumatic (with mitral)

Question 21

Valsalva does what?

Answer 21

decrease LV size to increase mitral valve prolapse murmur and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmur and decrease all else.

Question 22

Aortic Regurgitation murmur

Answer 22

early diastolic murmur with bounding carotid and peripheral pulses

Question 23

Pressures in aortic regurgitation

Answer 23

Increase in pulse pressure Increase in LA pressure Increase in LV pressure Aortic: increase in systolic and decrease is diastolic pressure (due to leak)

Question 24

Early diastolic Murmurs

Answer 24

aortic/p regurg

Question 25

Pulmonary Stenosis - etiology

Answer 25

congential heart disease

Question 26

Aortic stenosis - murmur

Answer 26

systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur

Question 27

Mitral Valve prolapse murmur

Answer 27

late systolic that increases with valsava

Question 28

Tricuspid Stenosis

Answer 28

decreased diastolic filling to lead to dilation of RA.

Question 29

DeMusset's

Answer 29

sign of aortic regurgitation, head bob

Question 30

Mitral Valve Prolapse etiology

Answer 30

sporadic, hereditary, CT diseases

Question 31

Late systolic murmur

Answer 31

mitral Valve prolapse

Question 32

Tx of aortic stenosis

Answer 32

surgery if symptomatic or EF

Question 33

squatting does what?

Answer 33

increases LV size. decreases mitral valve prolapse murmur

Question 34

Aortic Stenosis Pressures

Answer 34

Decrease pulse pressure in systole LA pressure increase LV pressure increase in both diastolic and systolic Aortic: decrease

Question 35

Increasing severity of pulmonary stenosis murmur

Answer 35

split S2 with S4. Longer, later peak

Question 36

Symptoms of pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 36

JVD, peripheral edema, A and V arrhythmias

Question 37

Pulmonary regurgitation murmur

Answer 37

early diastolic murmur that increases with inspiration

Question 38

Quincke's

Answer 38

visible pulse in fingertips; sign of aortic regurgitation

Question 39

Mueller's sign

Answer 39

pulse in uvual , sign of aortic regurgitation

Question 40

Pressures in Mitral Stenosis

Answer 40

increase in left atrial pressure and increase pressure gradient between atria and ventricle. Sever is 10-30 mmHg LA pressure increases LV pressure: both systolic and diastolic decrease aortic: decrease

Question 41

Treatment of Tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 41

Diuretics, surgery done when doing left heart surgery

Question 42

Mitral regurgitation - murmur

Answer 42

holosystolic

Question 43

Systolic Ejection Murmurs

Answer 43

Aortic and pulmonic stensosi

Question 44

Mitral Regurgitation etiology

Answer 44

Primary: prolapse, endocarditis Function - dilation or dysfunction of left ventricle

Question 45

Mitral Stenosis

Answer 45

decreased diastolic filling and dilation of Left Atrium

Question 46

Aortic Stenosis basics

Answer 46

decreased systolic flow (emptying), to cause hypertrophy of LV

Question 47

Pulmonary Regurgitation - etiology

Answer 47

Iatrogenic (surgery), or secondarily cause by pulmonary A. dilation or pulmonary hypertension

Question 48

Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 48

decreased systolid flow (emptying) leading to RV hypertrophy

Question 49

Pressures in Mitral regurgitation

Answer 49

Increased LA pressure LV Pressure: increased diastolic, decreased systolic Aortic: decreased

Question 50

what type causes increase in pulse pressure?

Answer 50

aortic regurgitation

Question 51

Tricuspid regurgitation - pressures

Answer 51

Increase RA pressure, decrease RV and pulmonic pressures

Question 52

what are the systolic murmurs

Answer 52

A/P stenosis, M/T regurgitation, mitral v. prolapse

Question 53

Symptoms of Mitral Valve prolapse

Answer 53

A fib, LV dilation, CHF

Question 54

Mitral Valve prolapse pathophysiolgy

Answer 54

thickening of mitral valve so it opens, but doesn't close and remains in left atrium. Asosicated iwth mitral regurgitation.

Question 55

Mitral regurgitation

Answer 55

Backflow in systole to cause LA dilation

Question 56

Mitral Stenosis symptoms

Answer 56

pulmonary hypertension, right sided HF, A fib, stroke/thrombosis

Question 57

pulmonic stenosis - murmur

Answer 57

systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur that increases with inspiration

Question 58

Aortic Stenosis symptoms

Answer 58

Dyspnea on exertion, syncope, angina, CHF

Question 59

bicuspid aortic valve murmur

Answer 59

systolic ejection murmur that is same on inspiration and expiration

Question 60

Aortic Regurg etiology

Answer 60

Bicuspid valve, aortic dilation, Rheumatic

Question 61

Mitral regurgitation treatment

Answer 61

Meds: diuretic, drugs to decrease afterload, mitraclip. Surgery if symptomatic, LV dilation/dysfunction, a fib, pulmonary hypertension. More likely to do repair over replacement of valve.