Valve Disease Flashcards
What is a cardiac murmur?
Noise due to turbulent blood flow within the heart
Diastolic murmurs are in time with the carotid pulse. True/False?
False
Systolic murmurs are in time with the carotid pulse
What are the 5 steps for describing murmurs?
Systole or diastole? Which type of murmur? Where is it best heard? Does it radiate? What is the grade?
Where do aortic murmurs tend (but not always) radiate to?
Carotids
Where do mitral murmurs tend (but not always) radiate to?
Axilla
Where do tricuspid murmurs tend to radiate?
Nowhere!
What is a thrill?
Palpable murmur
What is a heave?
Palpable sensation due to ventricular stress/hypertrophy
Which murmurs, left or right sided, are louder on inspiration?
Right sided
Name the main non-invasive investigation for diagnosing cardiac murmurs
Echocardiography
Name an invasive investigation for diagnosing cardiac murmurs
Cardiac catheterisation
What are the main causes of aortic stenosis?
Congenital bicuspid valve
Degeneration/calcification with age
Rheumatic disease
Can aortic stenosis patients be asymptomatic?
Yes
What are some symptoms of aortic stenosis?
Breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness
[less cardiac output]
What are some signs of aortic stenosis?
Slow-rising pulse
Heaving apex
Ejection systolic
Radiates to carotid
Name some treatment for aortic stenosis
Valve replacement
Balloon valvotomy
TAVI (valve implantation)
What are the main causes of mitral regurgitation?
Rheumatic disease
Myxoma in younger people
Endocarditis
Chorda rupture
What are some signs of mitral regurgitation?
Displaced apex
Pansystolic
Radiates to axilla
Name some treatment for mitral regurgitation
Valve replacement
Diuretics, ACEi
What is the main cause of mitral stenosis?
Rheumatic disease
What are some symptoms of mitral stenosis?
Breathlessness
Palpitations
Fatigue
What are some signs of mitral stenosis?
Malar flush
Tapping apex
Mid-diastolic rumbling
Name some treatment for mitral stenosis
Valve replacement
Balloon valvuloplasty
Diuretics, B blocker, digoxin
What are the main causes of aortic regurgitation?
Endocarditis
Connective tissue disorders (SLE, rheumatoid)
Marfan’s syndrome
What are some signs of aortic regurgitation?
Collapsing pulse
Displaced apex
Early diastolic
