Valuing Diversity

Question 1

List the 3 types of diversity and define each

Answer 1

1) Demographic - culture, ethnicity, age, gender
2) Personal - personality, communication style
3) Abilities and Skills - social and technical

Question 2

Describe the Identity Salience Model

Answer 2

The identity salience model addresses the limitations to having all dimensions of diversity recognized. The main thing it states is that different identities are activated in different social contexts.

Question 3

In terms of PRODUCTION TASKS, what does it state on how diversity relates to group performance?

Answer 3

groups with more diversity in terms of technical skills tend to perform better

Question 4

Describe the Kohler effect and what similar term it relates to

Answer 4

Kohler effect is when less skilled group members improve their performance to more closely match that of their partners. This relates to production tasks

Question 5

The Kohler effect has been found to be stronger in _____ than _____ tasks and in women than men

Answer 5

conjunctive than disjunctive tasks

Question 6

In terms of INTELLECTIVE TASKS, what does it state on how diversity relates to group performance?

Answer 6

groups with more diversity in terms of gender tend to perform better

Question 7

In terms of DECISION-MAKING TASKS, what does it state on how diversity relates to group performance?

Answer 7

a variety of indices of diversity appear to relate to superior group performance. Such as personality traits, leadership skills, and attitudes

Question 8

What are 3 challenges diverse groups can experience that homogenous ones wont?

Answer 8

1) Interaction strain
2) Faultlines
3) Reduced cohesion

Question 9

Define ethnicity

Answer 9

social group with a shared:

1) history
2) sense of identity
3) geography
4) cultural roots

which may occur despite racial difference

Question 10

Define race

Answer 10

a human population that are distinct based on PHYSICAL characteristics.

Question 11

Define culture

Answer 11

the perspectives, practices and products of a social group

Question 12

Cultural Diversity:

State Locke’s multidimensional view of culture (10)

Answer 12

He believed that cultures can be known up to 10 dimensions:

1) Acculturation
2) Poverty
3) History of Oppression
4) Language and Arts
5) Prejudice and racism
6) Sociopolitical factors
7) Childrearing practices
8) Religious practices
9) Family structure & dynamics
10) Cultural values & attitudes

Question 13

Cultural Diversity:

Which one of Locke’s dimensions of culture has received the most empirical attention?

Answer 13

The dimensions of cultural values and attitudes

Question 14

List the commonly researched constructs that differentiate cultures in terms of their underlying values (6)

Answer 14

1) Individualism vs collectivism (most researched)
2) Direct vs Indirect communication
3) Internal vs External control
4) Achieved vs ascribed status
5) Relative vs absolute rules
6) Affective vs neutral interaction

Question 15

What did the researcher Hofstede explore?

Answer 15

Cross-cultural differences in individualism-collectivism in the workplace

Question 16

Define Stereotyping and why we do it

Answer 16

holding beliefs about social groups from the traits/characteristics that all members are believed to share. We do it to categorize and help to make the social world seem more predictable

Question 17

Cons of stereotyping

Answer 17

1) People will never have accurate thoughts about the stereotypes because every group is heterogenous to a certain degree
2) People don’t see an individual, but more as a member of a group.

Question 18

What 3 information processes does stereotyping affect?

Answer 18

1) Attention - stereotype info is generally more noticed.
2) Accessibility - stereotype info is more accessible than non stereotype info
3) Recall - info related to a stereotype is more effectively remembered

Question 19

Define outgroup homogeneity and what it is in contrast to

Answer 19

when members of an OUTGROUP are perceived to be “all alike” than members of the INGROUP. It is in contrast to ingroup differentiation

Question 20

Define ingroup differentiation and what it is in contrast to

Answer 20

the belief that members of own groups are more heterogenous. It is in contrast to outgroup homogeneity.

Question 21

How can outgroup homogeneity and ingroup differentiation be influenced?

Answer 21

By the reduced knowledge about and experience that people have regarding their outgroups vs their ingroups

Question 22

Define ingroup homogeneity effect

Answer 22

most common among minority groups that are seeking to unite against perceived discrimination and inequality

Question 23

Define prejudice

Answer 23

negative ATTITUDES towards members of specific social groups

Question 24

Define Discrimination

Answer 24

Differential (usually negative) BEHAVIOURS directed towards members of different social groups. This is prejudice IN ACTION.

Question 25

Define stereotype threat

Answer 25

when people believe that they might be judged in a negative stereotype about their group if they behave a certain way.

Question 26

Perceived discrimination and self-esteem are ______ correlated

Answer 26

negatively

Question 27

Discrimination:

Define discrimination of ageism

Answer 27

any attitude or action that subordinates (lowers in rank of position) a person (or group) because of their age.

Question 28

Discrimination - Ageism:

Research has focused on attitudes towards ____ rather than ____ adults

Answer 28

Older rather than younger adults

Question 29

Discrimination - Ageism:

_______ adults tent to show more ageist attitudes than _____ adults.

Answer 29

1) Younger adults

2) Older adults

Question 30

Discrimination - Ageism:

What was the social identity theory perspective on ageism and young/old adults?

Answer 30

younger adults whose age is a stronger component of their ID have more ageist views than even younger adults whose age isnt as important to their ID

Question 31

Define Ableism

Answer 31

The beliefs that put inferior values to people who have developmental, emotional, physical or psychiatric disabilities

Question 32

Discrimination: Sexism

What are the two types of sexism?

Answer 32

1) Hostile sexism

2 Benevolent sexism

Question 33

Define hostile sexism

Answer 33

Belief that women are a threat to male dominance and power. More strongly held by men, especially in countries where legal differences between men and women

Question 34

Define benevolent sexism

Answer 34

Belief that women have positive qualities that men do not have and these are used to justify gender inequality. More strongly held by women.

Question 35

Contact Theory:

State benefits of contact

Answer 35

1) INCREASED contact can DECREASE prejudice by INCREASING familiarity and DECREASING anxiety
2) Positive contact between groups can result in the adoption of egalitarian social norms and DECREASE of prejudice

Question 36

Define Contact Hypothesis

Answer 36

the view that increased contact of social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them

Question 37

Contact Theory:

Contact can also lead to recategorization. Define recategorization. what does this lead to after?

Answer 37

a shift in the perceived boundaries between an ingroup and outgroup. This leads into the forming of COMMON INGROUP IDENTITY