Valuation Flashcards
What is the Red Book?
Set of global valuation standards and details on mandatory practices for property valuations
What are the key principles of RICS Valuation – Global Standards 2021?
To ensure that high standards of inspection, investigation, analysis, definitions, justification and presentation are met
What are the key changes to the latest Red Book?
- Compliance with Red Book must be stated in terms (no more part-Red Book)
- Valuation for financial reporting purposes must provide ‘fair value’
- Use of profits method for certain properties (list provided)
- Emphasis on sustainability and ESG factors (definitions, inspections and reporting, commentary of secured lending)
What are the various purposes of a valuation?
- Negotiations / litigation purposes
- Agency purposes
- Accounts purposes
- Statutory purposes
- Expert witness purposes
- Secured lending purposes
- Tax purposes (inheritance tax)
- Performance management
What are the key factors that drive property value?
- Location
- Specification / condition
- Want of repair
- Tenancy profile
- Market conditions
- Planning considerations
What is PII?
Professional Indemnity Insurance – mandatory for surveyors working in practice
Why is PII cover important?
Protects clients, surveyors and third parties against negligence claims when there is a duty of care breached and claim for damages arises
Why is PII important to valuation?
If valuations are to be used by third parties, appropriate PII cover is required. Valuation is a particularly litigious area of surveying.
What cover do you have at your firm?
£5,000,000 cover
What is the RICS Review of Real Estate Investment Valuations 2021?
RICS Standards and Regulation Board commissioned this review, to improve confidence in valuations relief upon by third parties, predominantly for financial reporting purposes
Who led the RICS Review of Real Estate Investment Valuation 2021?
Peter Pereira Gray
What were some recommendations of the RICS Review of Real Estate Investment Valuations 2021?
- Valuation Compliance Officer – cover valuation process and conduct
- Quality Assurance Panel – dedicated independent panel under jurisdiction of RICS Standards and Regulation Board
- Diversity and inclusion – should continue to be encouraged, specifically in the valuation profession
- Valuation and Advisory activities – should be separated within firms
What is an internal valuer?
- Employed by company to value the assets of the company
* Internal use only / No third-party reliance
What is an external valuer?
Has no material links with the asset to be valued or the client
What do you do before commencing a valuation instruction?
- Competence – ensured I had the correct level of skill, understanding and knowledge (if not, refer client to RICS find a surveyor service on the RICS website)
- Independence – ensured there were no conflicts or personal interests
- Terms of engagement – set out in writing my confirmation of instructions, confirming my competence, and the extent and limitations of my inspection as the valuer
What might be included in statutory due diligence for valuation?
- Asbestos register
- Business rates
- Contamination
- Equality Act 2010 compliance
- Environmental matters
- EPC rating
- Flooding
- Fire safety compliance
- Health and safety compliance
- Highways
- Legal title and tenure
- Public rights of way
- Planning history and compliance
What is the timeline of a valuation?
- Receive instructions / check competence, conflicts / issue terms
- Due diligence / inspect and measure / market research
- Form opinion / report to client / archive records
What are the 5 methods of valuation?
- Comparable method
- Investment method
- Profits method
- Residual method
- Depreciated replacement cost (DRC) method
What are 3 valuation approaches as defined in the Red Book (IVS 105)?
- Income approach – converting current and future cash flows into a capital value (investment, residual and profits methods)
- Cost approach – reference to the cost of the asset whether by purchase or construction (DRC method)
- Market approach – using comparable evidence (comparable method)
What is the comparable method?
Analysis of comparable transactions to form opinion of value
Used to value vacant property, as well as a supplementary method to other approaches
What is the methodology of the comparable method?
- Search / select comparables
- Confirm / verify details (calculate net effective rent as appropriate)
- Assemble comparables in schedule
- Adjust comparables using hierarchy of evidence
- Analyse comparables to form opinion of value
- Report value and prepare file note
What RICS guidance are you aware of covering comparable evidence?
RICS Guidance Note ‘Comparable Evidence in Real Estate Valuation’ 2019
What does RICS Guidance Note ‘Comparable Evidence in Real Estate Valuation’ 2019 cover?
Sets out best practice in the use of comparable evidence, specifically outlining the hierarchy of evidence
What is the hierarchy of evidence in comparable evidence?
Framework for comparables based on relative weight attached to different types of evidence
Category A – direct comparables (near identical properties with full accurate data available)
Category B – general market data (information from commercial databases, or demand/supply data)
Category C – other sources (evidence from other types of real estate in other locations, or wider market data such as interest rates, stock market movements)
How do you find relevant comparables?
- Inspection of the area (agency boards)
- Speak to local agents
- Auction results
- Internal databases
- Market sentiment
What is the investment method?
Used when there is an income stream (capitalise rental income to produce capital value)
What are the types of investment method?
- Conventional method
- Term & reversion
- Hardcore / layer
What is the conventional investment method?
- Assumes growth implicit, valued into perpetuity
- Calculated as Passing rent or Market Rent multiplied by years purchase = Market Value
- Used for rack rented property
What is the term and reversion method?
- Used for reversionary investments (Market Rent > Passing Rent), i.e. under-rented
- Term capitalised at initial yield until break/expiry
- Reversion to Market Rent valued in perpetuity at a reversionary yield
What is the hardcore / layer method?
- Used for over-rented property (Passing Rent > Market Rent)
- Income flow is divided horizontally
- Bottom slice = Market Rent
- Top slice = Passing Rent
- Higher yield applied to top slice to reflect additional risk
What is a yield?
Measure of investment return, expressed as a percentage of capital invested
How do you calculate a yield?
Income divided by price x 100
How do you calculate years purchase?
100 divided by the Yield (100 / 5% = 20)
What major factors contribute to the ‘risk’ and therefore yield of a property?
- Rental / capital growth prospects
- Quality of location and covenant
- Use of the property
- Lease terms
- Obsolescence
- Voids
- Security and regularity of income
- Liquidity
What is a return?
Performance of an investment / property
How do you calculate the internal rate of return?
Discounted Cash Flow calculation
What is an all risks yield?
Remunerative rate of interest used in the valuation of a fully let property let at market rent reflecting all the prospects and risks attached to the particular investment
What is a true yield?
Assumes rent paid in advance not in arrears
What is a nominal yield?
Initial yield assuming rent is paid in arrears
What is a gross yield?
Yield not adjusted for purchasers’ costs
What is a net yield?
Resulting yield adjusted for purchasers’ costs
What is an equivalent yield?
Average weighted yield when a reversionary property is valued using an initial and reversionary yield
What is an initial yield?
Simple income yield when a reversionary property is valued using an initial and reversionary yield
What is a reversionary yield?
Market rent divided by current price on an investment let at a rent below the market rent
What is a running yield?
The yield at one moment in time
What is the Discounted Cashflow Technique (DCF)?
Growth explicit investment method of valuation, which involves projecting cash flows over an assumed holding period to calculate an exit value, discounted back to present value to provide rate of return
When is DCF used?
- Short leasehold interests and properties with income voids or complex tenures
- Phased development projects
- Some ‘Alternative’ investments
- Non-standard investments
- Over-rented properties and social housing
What is a simply methodology using DCF to find market value?
- Estimate cash flow
- Estimate exit value
- Select discount rate
- Discount cash flow at discount rate
- = Net Present Value
What is the Net Present Value (NPV)?
- Sum of discounted cash flows of the project
- NPV can be used to show if investment gives positive return against a target rate of return
- Positive NPV = investment exceeded target rate of return
- Negative NPV = investment has not met target rate of return
What is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?
Rate of return at which all future cashflows must be discounted to produce a NPV of zero
Used to assess the total return of an investment, given assumptions on rental growth, re-letting and exit assumptions
How do you calculate IRR?
- Input current market value as negative cash flow
- Input projected rents over holding period as positive value
- Input projected exit value at the end of the term assumed as positive value
- Discount rate (IRR) is the rate chosen which provides NPV = 0
- If NPV > 0, then target rate of return is met
What is the profits method?
Used when the value of the property depends upon the profitability of its business and its trading potential
What are some properties you would use the profits method to value?
- Pubs
- Petrol stations
- Hotels
- Guest houses
- Nurseries
- Leisure and healthcare properties
- Care homes
What is needed to use the profits method?
Accurate and audited accounts for 3 years
What is the methodology of the profits method?
EBITDA (or Fair Maintainable Operating Profit) capitalised by appropriate yield to achieve market value
How would you arrive at the Fair Maintainable Operating Profit or EBITDA?
Annual turnover (income received) Less costs/purchases = Gross profit Less reasonable working expenses = Unadjusted net profile Less operator’s remuneration = Adjusted net profit known as the Fair Maintainable Operating Profit (FMOP) – can be expressed as the EBITDA Capitalised at appropriate yield to achieve Market Value
What is the residual method?
Form of development appraisal, using market inputs to find the market value of the site
Can be based on simple residual valuation or the DCF method
All inputs taken at the date of valuation
What is a simple methodology for a residual method valuation?
What is a simple methodology for a residual method valuation?
• Calculate Gross Development Value (GDV)
• Less Total Development Costs (TDC) and Developers Profit
• = Residual Site Value
What RICS guidance is there on residual valuations and development property?
RICS Guidance Note ‘Valuation of Development Property’ 2019
What are the limitations of residual valuation methodology?
- Accurate information
- Does not consider timing of cash flows
- Sensitive to minor adjustments
- Implicit assumptions hidden and not explicit
What is the Depreciated Replacement Cost method?
Also known as Contractors method, used where direct market evidence is limited or unavailable
What properties would you use the DRC method to value?
- Ancient monument
- Lighthouse
- Sewage works
What are the purposes of a DRC valuation?
- Accounts purposes for specialised properties
- Rating valuations of specialised properties
- Used for owner occupier property
What is a simple methodology of the DRC method?
- Value of the land in its existing use (assume planning permission exists)
- Add current cost of replacing the building plus fees, less a discount for depreciation and obsolescence/deterioration