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AS Level Geography - Physical > Valley profiles > Flashcards

Valley profiles Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a long profile show?

A

The changes in altitude of the course of the river from its source, along the entire length of its channel, to the river mouth.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a long profile?

A

Smoothly concave.

Gradient steeper in upper course, becoming gentler towards the mouth.

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3
Q

What can irregularities in the gradient be presented as?

A

Rapids, waterfalls or lakes.

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4
Q

What are the marked breaks or changes in slope called?

A

Knick points.

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5
Q

What are the landforms in the upper course?

5

A

Waterfalls, rapids, potholes, large boulders, uneven steep river bed.

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6
Q

What are the erosion processes in the upper course?

2

A

Hydraulic and attrition.

Mainly vertical.

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7
Q

What are the transportation processes in the upper course?

3

A

Mostly large boulders.
Some suspension.
Little in solution.

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8
Q

What are the deposition processes in the upper course?

A

Limited to the large bedload.

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9
Q

What are the landforms in the middle course?

A

Rapids, small meanders, small floodplain.

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10
Q

What are the erosion processes in the middle course?

3

A

Mostly attrition.
Little hydraulic.
Less vertical erosion. Lateral erosion begins.

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11
Q

What are the transportation processes in the middle course?

3

A

Small sized bedload moved by traction.
Suspension load increased.
Little in solution.

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12
Q

What are the deposition processes in the middle course?

A

Coarser material builds up, deposition on slip-off slopes, floodplain built up in times of flood.

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13
Q

What are the landforms in the lower course?

3

A

Larger meanders, levees and floodplains.

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14
Q

What are the erosion processes in the lower course?

A

Erosion reduced - some lateral erosion on outside bends of meanders.

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15
Q

What are the transportation processes in the lower course?

3

A

Smaller sized bedload of pebbles.
Gravel and sand form the load.
Mostly transported by suspension.

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16
Q

What are the deposition processes in the lower course?

A

Mostly fine particles.

This forms slip-off slopes, levees and floodplains.

17
Q

What is the valley like in the upper course?

A

A narrow steep-sided valley where the river occupies all of the valley floor. This is because of vertical erosion.

18
Q

What is the valley like in the middle course?

A

A wider valley with distinct valley bluffs, and a flat floodplain. This is because of lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor.

19
Q

What is the valley like in the lower course?

A

Very wide, flat floodplain in which the valley sides are difficult to locate. Lack of erosion and reduced competence of the river, which results in large-scale deposition.

20
Q

What is the definition of the profile of dynamic equilibrium?

A

Where a balance has been achieved between the processes of erosion and deposition.

21
Q

What may a river look like over a long period of time?

A

A river may display an even and progressive decrease in gradient down the valley, creating the typical smooth concave shape which has adjusted to the discharge and load of the river.

22
Q

What did W.M Davies argue?

A

That irregularities in the long profile which would reflect changes in underlying geology would be eventually worn away by river erosion to give a smooth graded profile.

23
Q

What is the geographical term for a graded river?

A

When a river uses up all its energy in the movement of the water and sediment so that no free energy is left to undertake further erosion.

24
Q

How is the potential energy decided in rivers?

A

By the altitude of the source of the stream in relation to base level.

25
Q

How is the kinetic energy decided in rivers?

A

Generated by the flow of the river which converts potential energy into moving (kinetic) energy.

26
Q

How is the amount of kinetic energy decided?

3

A

By the volume of flowing water (discharge).
The slope or channel gradient down which it is flowing.
Average velocity.

AS Level Geography - Physical (9 decks)

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