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Question 1

what are the 2 major organ systems in plants

Answer 1

shoots and roots

Question 2

what is the shoot system

Answer 2

Is the parts of a plant above the ground; leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, flowers

Question 3

what is the function of the shoots system

Answer 3

And is responsible for the transportation of resources, the absorption of and CO2 and release of O2, reproduction and carrying out photosynthesis in leaves. sugars are also produced in the photosynthesis process

Question 4

what is the root system

Answer 4

the system below ground and it consists of the roots

Question 5

function of the roots system

Answer 5

Is below ground and is responsible for absorbing water and nutrience from the soil.

• Anchors plant
• Penetrates the soil and absorbs water through the roots via osmosis
• Stores products of photosynthesis (food)
• Nutrients in the form of ions enter via diffusion or active transport

Question 6

what is the xylem responsible for?

Answer 6

is the one way transport of water and dissolved nutrients from the soil through the roots to the rest of the plant

Question 7

how does root pressure aid in the transport of water?

Answer 7

Root pressure is the forces of the water going into the plant and works to ensure that the water and minerals reach the vascular tissue of the stem the xylem.

Question 8

what is the structure in root pressure that aids the process?

Answer 8

• The roots provide the surface through which the water is taken up which is greaterly increased by root hairs.
• Root hairs which are located behind the tip of the root provide a large surface area meaning more water can be absorbed within the soil.
• Water and dissolved minerals enter through osmosis and dissolved ions by diffusion and active transport.
• Once inside the root hair the water move to the parenchyma cells and into the xylem vessel via pits in the cell wall

Question 9

how do we know root pressure exists?

Answer 9

• If the stem of the plant is severed the cut side will exude copius amounts of water. Therefore suggests that there is a force pushing water up the stem from the roots.

Question 10

how does the process of capillary action aid in the transport of water?

Answer 10

capillary action is the flow of water going against gravitational forces

Question 11

what the structure of capillary action

Answer 11

xylem vessels are very narrow and water molecules are able to climb up these tubes due to their adhesion. adhesion is the process of one thing attaching to another this allowing the water to stick to the organic tissue. cohesion is also apart of this which is the attraction between the water molecules to also help pull the molecules up the xylem.

together the combination of adhersion and cohersion ensures the continuous column of movement through the xylem tissue

Question 12

what is transpirational pull

Answer 12

The constant upwards movement of water is also driven by evaporation of the water through the leaves which is called transpiration

Question 13

whats the structure that allows transpiration to occur?

Answer 13

• ## The force that these columns is generated by is the sun, which evaporated the water from the stoma on the leaf into the atmosphere; by the forces that are acted upon in the the stem (capillary action) and the root pressure.

Question 14

what happens when a plant looses more water through transpiration than it takes up by its roots?

Answer 14

• it will begin to wilt. The loss of water raises tension of the water in the xylem and the water concentration gradient within the soil increases as a result the roots will begin to draw more water in (osmosis) and the stomata (holes in the leaves) will close rapidly to decrease the amount of water loss.

Question 15

what is the process of translocation?

Answer 15

Photosynthesis produces glucose which is then converted into sucrose, the sucrose is then transported areounf the phloem. Translocation is the active movement of these souable sugars (made during photosynthesis) through the phloem of vascular plants from a source (leaf) to a sink (root). - Sugars are actively transported and travel against the concentration gradient into the sieve cells, the sieve cells then transport the sugars around the plant where the plant requires sugars. This energy comes from companion cells which are alongside the sieve tube cells

Question 16

what are the structures that allow translocation to occur?

Answer 16

A source- is a plant organ that produces or releases sugar (by photosynthesis)
A sink- is a plant organ that stores or uses sugar for example, fruits, stems, growing roots.

Question 17

what are stomata

Answer 17

Stomata- are tiny openings on the surface (epidermis) of a plant leaf where gases can be exchanged in and out. Is essential for phtotosynthesis too as it allows light to enterinto the intercellular space, alowws the uptake for CO2 and allows oxygen to be expelled

Question 18

what are guard cells

Answer 18

Guard cells are a pair of celss that open and close a stroma to control the entry and exit of gases.

Question 19

what does turgid mean and why do guard cells become turgid?

Answer 19

• When guard cells fill with water they’re called turgid, the turgid guard cells bend and draw away from each other opening up the stoma allowing gaseous exchange. ( during the day)

Question 20

what are flaccid guard cells

Answer 20

• When guard cells shrink from lack of water they’re called flaccid and closing up the stoma preventing gas exchange ( at night)

Question 21

how do the stomatal pores and guard cells allow favourable gaseous exchanges

Answer 21

• when the plant requires the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for efficient photosynthesis the guard cells will fill with water and draw away from each other opening the stoma. but when the plant no longer needs to photosynthesis or wants to reduce the amount of water loss the guard cells will become flaccid and the guard cells shrink from lack of water and prevent gas exchange and evaporation

Question 22

list some physiological adaptions

Answer 22

• Plants like cactus’s and pinapples have evolved mechanisms to store carbon, they open their stomata in the evening when its cooler and store the CO2 for photosynthesis during the day
• Spinifex can also roll and crinkle up their leaves to have even less surface area exposed to wind+sunlight.

Question 23

list some structural adaptions

Answer 23

Altered root and shoot system: thick, waxy cuticles
Location of stomata: sunken, smaller, fewer
Surface area of the leaf

Question 24

list 2 examples of australian plants that have adated to the arid condiontions

Answer 24

• Structural adaptations:

by having very small leaves (even microscopic) with the stems carrying out photosynthesis.
- They also have stomata on both faces of the leaf, this shows a clever way of surface area because it utilizes the whole leaf even though the leaf is small.

Physiological Adaptations:
-They shed part of their canopy to reduce their water intake which is needed in high heat.

deep root system to store water and nutrients is useful to be able to survive frequent fires.

• Lignotubers are among the roots; they store food and have dormant buds to grow back from its original tree trunk if severely damaged following a fire.
• spinifex ave needle like leaves to reduce the SA of the leave therefore reducing the the SA where water can be lost. There can also roll and crinkle up their leaves to have even less surface area exposed wo wind+sunlight.
• A rhizome (rootstalk) a tough shealth around some vascular strands to act as a barrier to reduce water loss. (kangaroo paw)