Valid argument forms Flashcards
What is the form of modus ponens?
If p, then q.
p.
Therefore, q.
What is the form of modus tollens?
If p, then q.
Not q.
Therefore, not p.
What is the form of disjunctive syllogism?
Either p or q.
Not p.
Therefore, q.
What is the form of hypothetical syllogism?
If p, then q.
If q, then r.
So, if p, then r.
What is the form of dilemma?
Either p or q.
If p, then r.
If q, then s.
Either r or s.
What is a conditional statement?
If p, then q.
If p, then q. State the antecedent and the consequent.
Antecedent—p
Consequent—q
What is validity?
validity is only concerned with the link between the conclusion and the premise.
It is not concerned with the truth/falsity of the premises or the conclusion.
A valid argument is one where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.
An argument that follows a valid argument form is necessarily valid. True of false?
True
An argument that follows an invalid argument is almost always (but not necessarily) invalid. True or false?
True
What is the form of denying the antecedent?
If p, then q.
Not p.
Therefore, not q.
What is the form of affirming the consequent?
If p, then q.
q.
Therefore, p.
What is soundness?
Concerned with the premise in a valid argument.
An argument is sound if the argument is valid and all its premises are true.
Soundness=Validity + Truth
Is “due to” a premise indicator?
Yes
Is “We can infer this from” a premise indicator?
Yes
Is “as a result of” a premise indicator?
Yes
Is “for” a premise indicator?
Yes
Is “consequently” a conclusion indicator?
Yes
Is “as such” a conclusion indicator?
Yes
Is “ we can infer that” a conclusion indicator?
Yes
Is “as a result” a conclusion indicator?
Yes
Is “henceforth” an indicator?
No
Is “in summary” an indicator?
No
Is “if” and “either” an indicator?
No
My stand is that the state of nature is warlike. This can be seen from the fact that there is no clear authority figure in the state of nature, and when you have a group of people Iiving together without one, there will be chaos and fighting. How many premises are there here in the subject of philosophy?
Which of the following statement about the argument, as it is presented in the passage, is false?
A) There is a derived premise.
B) There are no conclusion indicators used.
C) There is only one premise indicator used.
D) With the addition of a conditional, it can be in the form of a Modus Ponens.
A or B
