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Block 10 Week 2 > Valencik: Satiety Lecture > Flashcards

Valencik: Satiety Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

suppress appetite

A

anorexigenic

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2
Q

increase appetite

A

orexigenic

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3
Q

satiation vs satiety

A

cessation of hunger vs sensation of being full

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4
Q

Gut hormones that stimulate insulin secretion

A

incretins

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5
Q

Gastric parietal cells that release gastric acid

A

oxyntic cells

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6
Q

What are two long-term signals for hunger/satiety?

A

leptin & insulin

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7
Q 
Long term signal
Secreted in proportion to fat stores.
Eat less, less body fat, less of this signal is produced
However, body adapts by:
Minimizing energy usage
Increasing appetite
A

leptin

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8
Q

Long term signal

Decreases appetite

A

insulin

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9
Q

Factors involved in short-term signaling of hunger/satiety

A

GI tract hormones - modulated by size/number of meals
Ghrelin - makes you hungry
CCK, PYY - make you full

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10
Q

5 neural centers that regulate food intake

A 
lateral nuclei
ventromedial nuclei (VMN)
paraventricular nuclei (PVN)
dorsomedial nuclei (DMN)
arcuate nuclei (ARC)
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11
Q

The feeding center
When stimulated, hunger increases a lot
When destroyed, there is no urge to eat

A

lateral nuclei

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12
Q

The satiety center
When stimulated, there is no urge or a refusal to eat
When destroyed, you have a crazy appetite & may continue to eat until you are obese

A

ventromedial nuclei

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13
Q

Lesions in this nucleus lead to excessive eating

A

paraventricular nuclei

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14
Q

Lesions in this nuclei depress eating

A

dorsomedial nuclei

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15
Q

Site where multiple hormones released from the GI & adipose tissue converge to regulate eating & energy consumption

A

arcuate nuclei

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16
Q

Two types of neurons found in the arcuate nuclei

A

anorexigenic –> POMC/CART

orexigenic –> AgRP/NYP

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17
Q

What happens when you stimulate POMC/CART neurons?

A

production of alpha MSH which binds to MCR-3/4 & decreases food intake & increases sympathetic activity/energy expenditure

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18
Q

POMC/CART neurons release (blank) leading to the activation of melanocortin (blank) and (blank) receptors on the PVN.
Simultaneously, (blank) peptide is released and binds an unknown receptor.
They stimulate the PVN regulation pathways that (blank) eating and (blank) energy expenditure

A 
MSH-alpha;
MCR3 and MCR4;
CART;
inhibit;
stimulate
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19
Q

Orexigenic neurons release (blank) and (blank) in response to low energy stores.
(blank) is an antagonist of MCR-4 blocking the signaling by α-MSH in the PVN.
AgRP stimulates the release of (blank) resulting in inhibition of POMC.

A

AgRP; NYP
AgRP;
GABA;

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20
Q

What is the end result of stimulation of AgRP/NYP neurons?

A

NYP binds to Y1 receptor, alpha-MSH is blocked from binding to MCR-4;
the PVN are not subject to α-MSH binding to MCR-4 and appetite increases, food intake increases, and energy expenditure decreases

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21
Q

Binds to the Y1 receptor and inhibits neuronal function via hyperpolarization thereby interfering with VMN satiety
Preferentially stimulates to desire for CARBOHYDRATES
Reduces fatty acid oxidation, promotes carbohydrate oxidation, and fatty acid synthesis

A

NYP

22
Q

Orexigenic
ARC restricted
Colocalizes with NPY neurons in the ARC.
Functional relationship with NPY. Expression is similarly modulated under identical physiological conditions.
Antagonism with melanocortins in eating and body weight control.

A

AgRP (Agouti-Related peptide)

23
Q

Hypothalamic neuroendocrine protein.
Part of a family—the pancreatic polypeptide family hormones.
2 gut hormones, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) are other members of the family.
Highest levels are found in the ARC.
One of the most potent orexigenic factors.
When you lose weight, it increases.
Stimulates a craving for carbohydrates

A

NYP

24
Q

What happens to NYP levels when you lose weight? What does it stimulate a craving for?

A

they increase; carbohydrates

25
Q

Found in the lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas with axonal projections throughout the brain.
Receptors are distributed throughout the CNS.
Believed to have a role in the emotional & motivational aspects of feeding behavior.
Increase wakefulness & suppress REM sleep.
Do many things.

A

orexins

26
Q

Anorexigenic peptides released in response to food (make you full)

A 
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Oxyntomodulin (OXM or OXY)
Insulin
Leptin
27
Q

Released in response to hunger (make you want to eat)

A

Ghrelin
Galanin
Cortisol

28
Q

Regulates overall body weight by limiting food intake.
Directly correlate with body fat.
Promotes the synthesis of α-MSH (anorexigenic) suppressing hunger.
Reduces the inhibitory effects of local orexigenic neuropeptide-Y (NPY) on POMC nuclei and suppresses hunger initially but in the long run NPY levels return to normal

A

Leptin

29
Q

What does leptin do to food intake & energy expenditure?

A

decreases food intake

increases sympathetic activity & energy expenditure

30
Q

Thought to mainly regulate BMR
Increases insulin sensitivity & fatty acid oxidation
Activity is inhibited by adrenergic stimulation & glucocorticoids
Levels are reduced in obese individuals & increased in patients with anorexia nervosa

A

adiponectin

31
Q

The largest endocrine organ

Releases hormones, peptide neurotransmitters & growth factors

A

the gut

32
Q

Examples of gut hormones

A 
GLP-1
oxyntomodulin
CCK
ghrelin
pancreatic polypeptide
PYY
33
Q

Hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas. Give two examples.

A

Incretins: glucagon-like peptides, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

34
Q

These are examples of incretins, which decrease blood glucose levels
They potentiate glucose-dependent insulin secretion
Inhibit glucagon secretion
Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Inhibit gastric emptying
Decrease appetite

A

glucagon-like peptides

35
Q

This is an incretin (decreases blood glucose by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas)
Expressed by enteroendocrine K cells of the duodenum & proximal jejunum

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

36
Q

Overall, what do GLP-1 & GIP do?

A

decrease appetite & food intake

decrease body weight

37
Q

A 37 amino acid peptide derived from proglucagon containing the entire 29 amino acids of glucagon.
Synthesized and released in the enteroendocrine L cells of the distal gut.
Secreted in response to food intake within 5-10 minutes.
Has incretin activity.
Is thought to use the GLP-1 receptor.
In the brain it suppresses ghrelin effects.

A

oxyntomodulin

38
Q

Expressed mainly in the duodenum and jejunum.
Several active forms (4 major forms)
In human plasma it is the CCK-33 form.
Increases within 15 minutes after eating and peaks at 25 but the half life is only 1-2 minutes.
Binds to GPCRs
Synergistic with leptin

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

39
Q

When CCK binds to GPCRs, what happens?

A

gallbladder contracts
pancreatic enzymes are released
gastric emptying is inhibited

40
Q

What are the three pancreatic polypeptide family hormones?

A 
2 gut hormones:
pancreatic polypeptide
peptide tyrosine tyrosine
CNS hormone:
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
41
Q

It does not cross the blood brain barrier.
It is expressed in the distal GI.
It increases after about 6 hours in proportion to caloric intake.
It increases in response to ghrelin, motilin & gastric distention.
It decreases ghrelin expression.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

42
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide increases in response to (blank x3) and decreases (blank) expression

A

ghrelin, motilin, & gastric distension;

ghrelin

43
Q

Produced and secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells of the ileum and colon.
Food composition is a potent regulator. Fat leads to the highest levels.
Is a potent agonist of Y1 but predominantly the Y2 receptor (increases POMC and decreases NPY)
Reduces ghrelin, gut motility, delays in gastric emptying, inhibits pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion and inhibits gallbladder contraction.
It has satiety effects via actions on the ARC nuclei in the hypothalamus.

A

protein tyrosine tyrosine

44
Q

Protein tyrosine tyrosine has (blank) effects via actions of the (blank) nuclei in the hypothalamus

A

satiety; arcuate

45
Q

Endogenous agonist of growth hormone
Secretagogue receptor stimulates the release of growth hormone.
Makes you hangry.

A

Ghrelin

46
Q

Where is ghrelin secreted? What is essential for the binding of ghrelin & its effects on food intake?

A

secreted by stomach, small intestine & colon

must be octanolyated (n-octanoic acid side chain)

47
Q

Ghrelin’s major effect is at the hypothalamus at the (blank) nucleus, where it stimulates (blank) and (blank) causing increased (blank) release inhibiting POMC nuclei

A

arcuate; NPY; AgRP; GABA

48
Q

Orexigenic
29 AA peptide
Expressed in the gut and brain (wide distribution) and binds GALR1 in the hypothalamus.
GAL results in a stimulatory effect on feeding
Its effect is small and short lived compared to NPY.
It does not impact food preference.

A

Galanin

49
Q

Major hormones produced when you’re hangry =(

A

ghrelin

50
Q

Major hormones produced when you’re full =)

A

insulin (from pancreas)
leptin (from adipose tissue)
CCK, PYY (from intestine)

Block 10 Week 2 (8 decks)

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