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Block 10 Week 2 > Valencik > Makes me wanna die > Flashcards

Valencik > Makes me wanna die Flashcards

1
Q

define “anorexigenic”

A

suppresses appetite

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2
Q

define “orexigenic”

A

increases appetite

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3
Q

define “satiation”

A

cessation of hunger

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4
Q

define “satiety”

A

feeling full

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5
Q

what are entereoendocrine cells generally?

A

endocrine cells of the GI tract & pancreas

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6
Q

what are incretins?

A

gut hormones that stimulate insulin secretion

INcretins INcrease INsulin

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7
Q

what are oxyntic cells?

A

gastric parietal cells that release gastric acid

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8
Q

what are the 2 long-term signals in energy homeostasis?

A

leptin & insulin

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9
Q

what are the 3 short-term signals in energy homeostasis?

A

GI tract hormones
hunger
satiety

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10
Q

Leptin is secreted in proportion to what?

A

fat stores

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11
Q

what makes less leptin be produced?

A

eat less > less body fat > less leptin

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12
Q

how does insulin impact appetite?

A

decreases it

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13
Q

what controls GI tract hormone release (2 things)?

A

size of meal

number of meals

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14
Q

what are the 5 components of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake?

A
  1. lateral nuclei
  2. ventromedial nuclei
  3. paraventricular nuclei
  4. dorsomedial nuclei
  5. arcuate nuclei
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15
Q

which nucleus of the hypothalamus that controls food intake is the most anterior?

A

arcuate nuclei

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16
Q

which nucleus is the feeding center?

A

lateral nuclei

lateral makes you fateral

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17
Q

which nucleus is the satiety center?

A

ventromedial

you feel full in your ventral region

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18
Q

what happens if you stimulate the lateral nuclei?

A

increase hunger (hyperphagia)

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19
Q

what happens if you destroy the lateral nuclei?

A

no urge to eat (inanition) > weight loss, muscle weakness, decreased metabolism

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20
Q

what happens if you stimulate the ventromedial nuclei?

A

no urge or refusal to eat (inanition or aphagia)

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21
Q

what happens if you destroy the ventromedial nuclei?

A

voracious appetite + continued eating > obesity

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22
Q

what happens if you have a lesion in your paraventricular nuclei?

A

XS eating

like ventromedial nuclei

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23
Q

what happens if you have a lesion in your dorsomedial nuclei?

A

less eating

like lateral nuclei

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24
Q

what happens at the arcuate nuclei?

A

multiple hormones from from GI & adipose tissue converge to regulate eating & energy consumption

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25
Q

what are the 2 TYPES of neurons in the arcuate nuclei?

A
  1. anorexigenic

2. orexigenic

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26
Q

name the anorexigenic neurons in the arcuate nuclei

A

POMC/CART

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27
Q

what do POMC/CART neurons produce?

A

alpha-MSH
&
CART peptide

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28
Q

name the orexigenic neurons in the arcuate nuclei

A

AgRP/NPY

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29
Q

what do AgRP/NPY neurons produce?

A

AgRP & NPY

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30
Q

which neurons are stimulated by ghrelin?

A

the orexigenic ones (AgRP/NPY) > increase food intake

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31
Q

which neurons are stimulated by insulin, leptin, & CCK?

A

POMC/CART (anorexigenic) > decrease food intake

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32
Q

which neurons are inhibited by insulin, leptin, & CCK?

A

AgRP/NPY

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33
Q

where does alpha-MSH act?

A

melanocortin MCR-3 & MCR-4 receptors on the PVN

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34
Q

where does CART peptide act?

A

an unknown receptor

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35
Q

what do alpha-MSH & CART peptide stimulate?

A

the PVN regulation pathways that inhibit eating & stimulate energy expenditure

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36
Q

what is the most common cause of obesity in kids? (can also play a role in anorexia)

A

MCR-4 mutations

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37
Q

what is the end result of alpha-MSH & CART peptide on food intake, sympathetic activity, & energy expenditure?

A

DEC food intake
INC symp activity
INC energy expenditure
(i.e. they signal that you have enough food/energy)

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38
Q

when do AgRP & NPY get released?

A

in response to low energy stores

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39
Q

what does AgRP antagonize?

A

MCR-4

it blocks the signaling by alpha-MSH in the PVN

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40
Q

what does AgRP stimulate?

A

the release of GABA > inhibits POMC

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41
Q

what is the end result of AgRP release?

A

alpha-MSH cannot bind to MCR-4 > appetite increases

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42
Q

what can modulate AgRP actions?

A

gut endocrine factors

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43
Q

XS AgRP is assoc w/ what?

A

obesity

it’s orexigenic

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44
Q

where does NPY bind?

A

Y1 receptor

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45
Q

how does NPY act?

A

binds to Y1 receptor > hyperpol > inhibit neuronal fxn > interferes w/ VMN satiety

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46
Q

what can modulate NPY actions?

A

gut endocrine factors

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47
Q

what does NPY stimulation of food intake preferentially stimulate?

A

the desire for CARBSSSSS

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48
Q

how does NPY affect FA oxidation, carb oxidation, and FA synthesis?

A

DEC FA ox
INC carb ox
INC FA synth

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49
Q

what does agouti control in rodents?

A

coat color

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50
Q

what does AgRP colocalize w/?

A

NPY neurons in the ARC

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51
Q

what does AgRP have a fxnal relationship w/?

A

NPY

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52
Q

AgRP has antagonism w/ (___?___) in eating & body weight control

A

melanocortins

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53
Q

what family is NPY a part of?

A

pancreatic polypeptide family hormones

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54
Q

what are the 3 members of the pancreatic polypeptide family hormones?

A
  1. NPY
  2. pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
  3. peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)
55
Q

where are the highest levels of NPY found?

A

in the ARC

56
Q

what is one of the most potent orexigenic factors?

A

NPY

57
Q

what happens to NPY when you lose weight?

A

it INCREASES (what an asshole)

58
Q

what does NPY stimulate a craving for?

A

carbssssssssssss

59
Q

where are orexin-expressing neurons found?

A

lateral & posterior hypothalamic areas w/ axonal projections throughout the brain

60
Q

where are orexin receptors found?

A

throughout the CNS

61
Q

what 6 things do orexins have a role in?

A
  1. emotional & motivational aspects of eating
  2. inc wakefulness & dec REM sleep
  3. glucose ctrl
  4. food intake
  5. autonomic fxn
  6. energy expenditure & metabolic rate
62
Q

in the gut-brain connection, what is released in response to food (7 chemicals)?

A
  1. GLP-1
  2. CCK
  3. PYY
  4. PP
  5. Oxyntomodulin
  6. insulin
  7. leptin
    THESE ARE ANOREXIGENIC
63
Q

what 3 chemicals are released to tell you that you’re hungry?

A
  1. ghrelin
  2. galanin (GAL)
  3. cortisol
64
Q

what are the 2 adipocyte hormones?

A
  1. leptin

2. adiponectin

65
Q

T/F: leptin is orexigenic

A

FALSE
it’s anorexigenic!
(if you’re fat, you have enough food)

66
Q

how does leptin regulate overall body weight

A

by limiting food intake

67
Q

what do leptin concentrations directly correlate w/?

A

body fat

68
Q

what does leptin promote the synthesis of?

A

alpha-MSH > suppresses hunger

69
Q

how does leptin interact w/ NPY?

A

at first, it suppresses hunger via reducing inhibitory NPY effects on POMC nuclei
but then NPY levels return to normal

70
Q

how does leptin impact food intake?

A

DECREASES it (it’s anorexigenic)

71
Q

what do leptin-deficient pts look like?

A

fat fatties

72
Q

how do you treat leptin deficiency?

A

subQ injections of recombinant leptin

73
Q

what is adiponectin thought to regulate?

A

BMR (energy)

74
Q

how does adiponectin impact insulin sensitivity & FA oxidation?

A

increases both

75
Q

what inhibits adiponectin activity?

A

adrenergic stimulation & glucocorticoids

76
Q

what are adiponectin levels like in obese pts?

A

DECREASED

77
Q

what are adiponectin levels like in pts w/ anorexia nervosa?

A

INCREASED

78
Q

what are the adiponectin receptors & where are they?

A
  1. AdipoR1 > muscle

2. AdipoR2 > liver & brain

79
Q

where in the brain are AdipoR2 receptors?

A

only hippocampus & hypothalamic nuclei

fxn unk

80
Q

what is the largest endocrine organ?

A

the GUT

81
Q

how many peptides does the gut express?

A

at LEAST 30

82
Q

are incretins orexigenic or anorexigenic?

A

anorexigenic

83
Q

what do incretins do?

A

INCREASE insulin secretion > stimulate a decrease in blood glucose

84
Q

what does GLP-1 do (4 5 things)

A
  1. INC glucose-dependent insulin secretion
  2. DEC glucagon
  3. DEC gastric acid secretion
  4. DEC gastric emptying
  5. DEC appetite
85
Q

what cells express GIP?

A

enteroendocrine K-cells of the duodenum & proximal jejunum

DJ K GIP

86
Q

what inactivates GLP-1 & GIP?

A

dipeptidyl peptidase 4

DPP-4

87
Q

which cells express glucagon-derived peptides?

A

L-cells of the small intestine (“& elsewhere” whatever that means)

88
Q

what are the glucagon derived peptides (there are 8) (not including glucagon)?

A
  1. GRPP
  2. MPGF
  3. proglucagon
  4. glicentin
  5. oxyntomodulin
  6. GLP-1
  7. GLP-2
  8. IP-1
89
Q

look at slide 33 cause i am not making cards for that

A

hokay

90
Q

what is the structure of oxyntomodulin?

A

37 AA peptide derived from proglucagon

contains glucagon

91
Q

what is the structure of glucagon?

A

29 AA

92
Q

where is oxyntomodulin synthesized & released?

A

in the enteroendocrine L cells of the distal gut

93
Q

when is oxyntomodulin secreted?

A

w/i 5-10 min of food intake

94
Q

oxyntomodulin has (___?___) activity

A

incretin

95
Q

what receptor does oxyntomodulin probably use?

A

the GLP-1 receptor

96
Q

what does oxyntomodulin do in the brain?

A

suppress ghrelin effects

97
Q

where is CCK expressed?

A

duodenum & jejunum

98
Q

how many major active forms of CCK are there?

A

4

99
Q

what form of CCK is found in human beans?

A

CCK-33

100
Q

when is CCK secreted?

A

w/i 15 min after eating, peaks at 25 min

101
Q

how long is the half-life of CCK?

A

1-2 min

102
Q

what does CCK bind to?

A

GPCRs CCK-1 & CCK-2

103
Q

when CCK binds its receptor, what 3 things happen?

A
  1. gallbladder contracts
  2. pancreatic enzymes released
  3. gastric emptying inhibited
104
Q

what is CCK synergistic w/?

A

leptin

reduces food intake

105
Q

does PP cross the BBB?

A

NOPE

106
Q

where is PP expressed?

A

distal GI tract

107
Q

when does PP increase?

A

after ~6 hours

108
Q

what does PP increase in proportion to?

A

caloric intake

109
Q

what does PP increase in response to?

A

ghrelin
motilin
gastric distention

110
Q

how does PP impact ghrelin expression?

A

it DECREASES ghrelin

111
Q

where is PYY produced & secreted?

A

from enteroendocrine L-cells of the ileum & colon

112
Q

what is a potent regulator of PYY?

A

food composition

113
Q

what leads to the highest PYY levels?

A

fat

114
Q

what receptor does PYY work at?

A

Y2 mostly, but also Y1

115
Q

what effect does PYY have on POMC & NPY?

A

INC POMC

DEC NPY

116
Q

what does PYY decrease or inhibit (5 things)?

A
  1. ghrelin
  2. gut motility
  3. gastric emptying
  4. pancreatic bicarb & protein secretion
  5. gallbladder contraction
117
Q

where does PYY have satiety effects?

A

ARC nuclei in hypothalamus

118
Q

T/F: ghrelin is orexigenic

A

TRUE

119
Q

how was ghrelin named?

A

GHR = growth hormone release

120
Q

where does ghrelin act?

A

growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R)

121
Q

what does GHRelin stimulate the release of?

A 
growth hormone
(GHR = growth hormone release)
122
Q

what can the preprotein of ghrelin alternatively be processed into?

A

obestatin

123
Q

what secretes ghrelin?

A

stomach gastric oxyntic cells
small intestine
colon

124
Q

what is the structure of ghrelin?

A

28 AA protein w/ acyl side chain (n-octanoic acid)

125
Q

what about ghrelin is essential for GHS-R binding and its effects on food intake?

A

octanoylation

126
Q

where does ghrelin act?

A

w/i the hypothalamus at ARC

stimulates NPY & AgRP > inc GABA release > inhibit POMC nuclei

127
Q

where is galanin expressed?

A

gut & brain

128
Q

T/F: galanin is anorexigenic

A

FALSE

orexigenic

129
Q

how many AAs are there in galanin?

A

29

130
Q

what does galanin bind?

A

GALR1 in the hypothalamus

131
Q

how does galanin affect you?

A

makes you wanna EAT

132
Q

how does the effect of galanin compare to NPY?

A

galanin’s effect is small & short-lived

133
Q

does galanin impact food preference?

A

nope

Block 10 Week 2 (6 decks)

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