Vaginal Bleeding

Question 1

What 2 hormones released by the hypothalamus control the menstrual cycle?

1 - estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone
2 - estrogen and luteinising hormone
3 - luteinising hormone and progesterone
4 - luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 1

4 - luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Question 2

What are the 4 most common problems women present with relating to their menstrual cycles?

Answer 2

1 - abnormal timing
2 - pain
3 - duration
4 - amount of bleeding

Question 3

What does the term oligomenorrhoea refer to?

1 - normal periods
2 - periods have stopped altogether
3 - irregular periods
4 - periods have not begun when they should have

Answer 3

3 - irregular periods

Question 4

What does the term secondary amenorrhoea refer to?

1 - normal periods
2 - periods have stopped altogether (>6 months)
3 - irregular periods
4 - periods have not begun when they should have

Answer 4

2 - periods have stopped altogether (>6 months)

Question 5

What does the term primary amenorrhoea refer to?

1 - normal periods
2 - periods have stopped altogether
3 - irregular periods
4 - periods have not begun when they should have

Answer 5

4 - periods have not begun when they should have

Question 6

What is the most common cause of amenorrhoea?

Answer 6

• pregnancy

Question 7

What is the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria?

Answer 7

• criteria to identify the likelihood a patient has polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 8

Rotterdam diagnostic criteria is used to identify the likelihood a patient has polycystic ovary syndrome. What are the 3 criteria?

1 - hypoandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries
2 - hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries
3 - hypoandrogenism, menopause, and polycystic ovaries
4 -ovulatory dysfunction, fibroids and polycystic ovaries

Answer 8

2 - hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries

Question 9

What does postcoital bleeding refer to?

Answer 9

• bleeding following sexual intercourse a

Question 10

What does intermenstrual bleeding refer to?

Answer 10

• bleeding between periods

Question 11

Spotting in between periods is often a sign of what?

1 - STI
2 - PCOS
3 - Fibroids
4 - Cervical cancer

Answer 11

1 - STI

- commonly chlamdyia or pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 12

What does ectropion refer to?

Answer 12

• when cells from inside cervix grow outside

- cells are fragile and likely to cause bleeding

Question 13

Fibroids are abnormal development of the muscle wall in the female pelvis. How can this cause bleeding?

Answer 13

• increased pressure against the uterine lining

- results in increased bleeding

Question 14

What examination can be undertaken to investigate the causes of vaginal bleeding?

Answer 14

• pelvic examination

- examine for masses, abdominal striae (stretch marks) and concealed pregnancy

Question 15

What hormones should be measured to rule out a hormonal cause in a patient with vaginal bleeding?

Answer 15

• LH
• FSH
• estrogen
• progesterone

Question 16

If a women is suscpeted of having cervical cancer, what examination should be performed?

Answer 16

• colposcopy

- sample can be taken to rule out cancerous cells