Vaccines -Thrush

Question 1

1. What is passive immunization?

2. When is passive immunity normally use and why?

Answer 1

1. When preformed antibodies are transferred from an immune individual/animal to a non-immune person.
2. Normally used for snakebites (when the person is already infected) because of a need for an immediate response

no memory response

Question 2

What is active immunization?

Answer 2

When an individual is exposed to antigens (through infection or vaccination) and their own body mounts an immune response, including the production of memory cells. These are the typical vaccines given.

Question 3

What are the 3 countries that remain polio-endemic?

Answer 3

Afganistan, Nigeria, Pakistan

Question 4

What are some important considerations when giving vaccines?

Answer 4

1. Age–> can determine efficacy. Maternal antibodies can inhibit a response in very young children
2. whether the pt is immunosuppressed. Immunosuppressed pts can have pathological responses to attenuated vaccines

Question 5

1. What are attenuated vaccines?
2. What are the benefits of giving attenuated vaccines?
3. the risks?

Answer 5

1. vaccines with a weakened yet “live” microbe (non-pathogenic) which can still replicate
2. the microbe can stay in the body longer, stimulating both CMI and humoral immunity. also
   don’t normally need boosters.
3. if a microbe has a high mutation, it has a more likely chance of becoming pathogenic. The live strain may also cause disease in immunosuppressed pts.

Question 6

1. What are inactivated vaccines?

2. What are some potential problems with inactivated vaccines? (2)

Answer 6

1. vaccines that have been chemically inactivated or exposed to gamma-irratiation.
2. Requires multiple boosters because doesn’t stay in the body as long. If there are mistakes in the preparation and the microbe is not killed, it can lead to disease (early Salk polio vaccines)

Question 7

How do bacterial capsular polysaccharides cause immunization?

Answer 7

The capsule is anti-phagocytic and Abs bind to the capsule allowing macrophage recognition

Question 8

How can you improve an immune response in which B cells are activated without T cell help?

Answer 8

conjugate the antigens to a protein carrier (hapten-carrier effect)

often seen in capsular vaccines

Question 9

1. What are DNA vaccines?

2. What are some potential problems with DNA vaccines?

Answer 9

1. Inject plasmid DNA (gene coding for antigen) into muscle cells and the protein (antigen) will be produced, stimulating an immune response. Not currently being used.
2. problems: mutation, effect of protein on muscle?, tolerance from long term exposure?

Question 10

What are the limitations to vaccines? (4)

Answer 10

1. multiple serotypes
2. antigenic variation
3. antigenic competition
4. passive antibody interference (some vaccines have to be given later to young children because maternal antibodies are still present)