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Microbiology And Immunology > Vaccines: Bacterial and Viral > Flashcards

Vaccines: Bacterial and Viral Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

UK immunisation schedule
State vaccines used in the UK immunisation schedule?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis group C, B
  • A, Y, W Haemophilus influenzae type b,
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Influenza virus
  • Tuberculosis (BCG)
  • Tetanus
  • Diphtheria
  • Pertussis Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella Polio
  • Hepatitis B
  • HPV
  • VZV
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2
Q

State the schedule for babies under 1 years old + explain them?

A
  • 6 in 1 -> Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio (inactivated vaccine), haemophilus influenzae b, hepatitis B
  • Rotavirus (diarrhoea + sickness): oral live vaccine
  • PCV -> conjugated vaccine: given x2 for boosting
  • D/T/P vaccines are toxoids ->Hib conjugated, HeB recombinant sub-unit, polio inactivated (via reversion to virulence) -> none are live -> 3x boosting
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3
Q

State the schedule for children 1-15 vs old + explain them?

A
  • MMR -> live attenudated -> X2 due to decreased uptake first dose
  • 4 in 1: tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough, polio
  • 3 in 1: tetanus, diptheria, polio
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4
Q

State the schedule for adults 65-70

A
  • 65 years: Pneumococcal (PPV) vaccine
  • 65 years (and every year after): Flu vaccine
  • 70 years: Shingles vaccine
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5
Q

Explain shingles component?

A
  • Shingles
  • Via chickenpox virus -> skin rash + enduring nerve pain (post-herpetic neuralgia) (- if caught as kid, remains dormant in spinal nerve cells for decade + reactivated for shingles)
  • Decreased immune system function
  • Two vaccines -> zostavax (live) + shingrex (recombinant subunit)
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6
Q

State the schedule for pregnant women?

A
  • During flu season: Flu vaccine
  • From 16 weeks pregnant: Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine
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7
Q

Vaccines- Neisseria meningitidis
Describe Neisseria meningitidis + state its vaccines?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis: G-ve
  • Meningococcal disease -> Meningitis + Sepsis
  • Characterised via Polysaccharide coat
  • 6 serogroups (A, B,C, W-135, X,Y)
  • Men C + Men B vaccine
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8
Q

Why was Men C dropped from vaccination schedule in 2013, but then reintroduced in 2015?

A

2013: the Men dose at 4 months was dropped from the schedule. By this time levels of MenC disease had fallen very significantly
2015: the single MenC dose for teenagers and new university students was replaced by a combination vaccine, the MenACWY vaccine, which offered protection against four strains of meningococcal disease including type C. It was introduced because of a significant increase in cases of MenW disease in the UK.

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9
Q

Describe the current schedule of Men C vaccines?

A

HiB/MenC combined vaccine given at 1 year: tradename Menitorix
- MenC is a conjugated bacterial polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid
- Men ACWY - 14 years -> names: Menveo (polvsaccharides from A,C.W-135, Y conjugated to diptheria toxoid) OR Nimenrix (conjugated to tetanus toxoid)

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10
Q

Describe the components of men vaccine?

A

Bexsero: 3 major proteins on surface of meningococcal bacteria + outer membrane of 1 men B strain
- Produced in E.coli cells via recombinant DNA tech + adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide

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11
Q

Describe H.influenzae + its vaccine?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Causes paediatric disease
  • Hib Vaccine: type b capsule polysaccharide linked to conjugate -> diphtheria, tetanus toxoids OR meningococcal outer membrane proteins
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12
Q

Bacterial toxin diseases- Diptheria
Describe diptheria toxin with its effects?

A
  • Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria
  • DT inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes -> Pharynx, larynx, nose - non-invasive multiplication -> produced locally but acts at a distance gelatinous exudate -> absorbed by lymphatics – systemic effects damages heart, kidney, nerves, adrenals -> kills epithelial cells and polymorphs + ulcer - necrotic exudate - Pseudomembrane -› local inflammation -> Bull Neck
  • Respiratory obstruction can be life threatening
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13
Q

Describe the vaccine for the diptheria toxin?

A
  • Treated to make the toxoid immunogenic
  • Combined with alum (adjuvant)
  • Given as combined vaccine DaP or dTaP (D = increased amount of toxoid)
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14
Q

Describe features of Clostridium tetani and how it exerts its effect?

A
  • Features: Gram +ve rods, terminal drumstick spores anaerobe, Soil dweller
  • neurotoxin -> inhibits NM release (GABA, glycin) from inhibitory interneurons -> interact with motor neurones -> violent spastic paralysis
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15
Q

Describe tetanus vaccine for clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanus toxin is treated with formaldehyde -> converted to toxoid -> Decreased toxicity but not immunogenicity -> Combined with aluminium salt adjuvants

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16
Q

Whooping cough: Pertussis (bordetella pertussis)
Describe clinical effects of the whooping cough: pertussis?

A
  • Severe cough lasting weeks often with a ‘whoop’ noise
  • Bacterium adheres to ciliated epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract + multiplies.
  • In infants may descend to lungs (can cause death -> Secretes pertussis toxin which is a virulence factor in pathogenesis
  • Causes many of systemic symptoms including profound leukocytosis (1 WBC) often observed in children
17
Q

Describe the vaccine for whooping cough?

A
  • Acellular vaccine
  • Contains: Pertussis toxoid, Filamentous haemagglutinin (1 cell adhesion), Pertactin (1 cell adhesion)
  • Blocks adhesion + neutralises toxin
18
Q

Who recieves influenza vaccine?

A
  • Pregnant
  • Elderly
  • Immunosuppressed
  • Work in close contact with poultry
19
Q

Describe the influenza virus?

A
  • 3 types: A,B.C
  • Glycoproteins (H + N) play important role
  • Antigenic drift + shift
  • Epidemic or even pandemics
20
Q

Describe the composition of the flu vaccine?

A
  • Quadrivalent (2 subtypes of IA + IB)
  • Vaccines grown either in embryonated hens’ eggs or in cell culture -> inactivated -> One live attenuated vaccine is Fluenz Tetra® (nasal spray) -> Attenuated so that it can only replicate in the cold - only in nasal passages
21
Q

State the factors affecting influenza vaccine effectiveness?

A
  • Variable by year/age group
  • Antigenic drift + shift
  • Mismatch between vaccine + circulating disease can decrease effectiveness of vaccine
  • Manufacturing issues can occur
  • Tight schedule between WHO recommendations for vaccine and the beginning of flu season
22
Q

Describe features of Streptococcus pneumonia

A
  • Causes pneumococcal disease
  • Invasive disease: where the bacterium can be isolated from blood or from another location which is normally sterile
23
Q

State and Describe the vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia

A
  • Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine PPV23 -> PS from 23 serotypes for at risk adults + >2 yrs old -> Under 2 can’t make long lasting immune response so need conjugated vaccine
  • Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: PCV 13 (Prevenar 13) - PS from 13 most common capsule types -> Conjugated to diptheria toxoid
24
Q

Describe HPV?

A
  • Human papillomavirus: Over 40 types
  • Causes genital warts
  • High risk types (serotypes 16,18)
  • Lead to cervical cancer (• HPV16: 50% • HPV18: 20%) + Low risk types (6,11) - warts
25
Q

Describe HPV vaccination?

A
  • Cervarix: protects against HPV 16,18 + Gardasil: protects against HPV 6,11,16,18 + genital warts + cervical cancer
  • Schedule: 2 doses offered to boys and girls 12-13 yrs old -> Gardasil: subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant capsid L1 protein of 6,11,16, 18 expressed in yeast which self assemble into Virus Like Particles -> resembles virus - immunogenic + not infectious
26
Q

Pregnancy
Describe neonatal tetanus disease and vaccine?

A
  • Disease of the 8th Day
  • Infection of umbilical cord
  • Tetanus toxoid vaccine to mother in late pregnancy
  • High tires of maternal IgG in neonate
27
Q

State the vaccines given for pregnant women?

A
  • Tetanus Diphtheria Pertussis/Polio - whooping cough - Boostrix IPV + Flu (mother + baby protection)
28
Q

Describe the diagnosis of TB?

A
  • The Mantoux test/ PPD (Purified protein derivative/ tuberculin skin test -> PPD of tuberculin (a combination of proteins extracted from M.tuberculosis) injected intradermally + measured after 72h
  • If you have TB (or in past) Tm cells reactivate by
    tuberculin peptides presented by APCs - secrete cytokines which recruit WBCs - local IF response - hard red bump on the skin
  • Results interpreted carefully + will depend on the risk factors of the individual (e.g. HIV positive? Come from a high risk TB area?) -> Individuals previously vaccinated with BCG may have a weak response
  • A patient with suspected TB will be given a chest X-ray
29
Q

Chickenpox (VZV)
Who is the chickenpox vaccine given for?

A
  • Non-immune health workers
  • People who come into close contact with someone who has a weakened immune system
  • Chickenpox is more severe in adults
  • Children recover quickly

Microbiology And Immunology (32 decks)

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