Vaccines and Sera Flashcards
What is natural immunity?
Natural immunity encompasses immunity that is
acquired during any normal biological experiences of
an individual but not through medical intervention
What is artificial immunity?
Artificial immunity is protection from infection
obtained through medical procedures
What is unique about active immunity?
The individual develops his own immune response.
- Immune stimulus
- → Activates specific lymphocytes
- → Immune response –> Abs (Antibodies)
Give the characteristics of active immunity
Characteristics:
* Essential attribute of an immunocompetent individual
* Creates a memory, ready for quick action upon reexposure to that same microbe
* Requires several days to develop
* Can last for a relatively long time
* Can happen through natural or artificial means
What is unique about passive immunity?
Immune substances (Abs) that were produced actively
by the immune system of another human or animal
donor or synthetically made
State the demerit of passive immunity
Short-term effectiveness because antibodies
have a limited period of function.
Ultimately, the
recipient’s body disposes of them
State the benefit of passive immunity
Immediate onset of protection
What are the characteristics of passive immunity?
- No memory for the original antigen
- You’re just simply providing antibodies to clear
microbial infections - No production of new antibodies against that disease
Passive immunity can only occur by artificial means. T or F
False. Can happen through natural or artificial mean
What are the differences between vaccines and antisera?
- Vaccines are harmless antigens of otherwise
pathogenic organisms that stimulate the production
of antibodies when administered while Antisera or immunoglobulins are antibodies derived from a
human or animal - Vaccines typically
require a latent period of one to several weeks while antisera provide immediate protection upon
administration - Vaccines serve as active immunization while antisera offer passive immunization.
Vaccines provide an _____ that does not
cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective
______.
antigenic stimulus, immunity
What are the 5 types of vaccines?
- Inactivated (killed vaccines)
- Attenuated live vaccines
- Toxoid vaccines
- Recombinant vector vaccines
a. Subunit vaccines
b. DNA Vaccines
c. Conjugate vaccines - mRNA (New type of vaccine – e.g COVID 19 vaccine
What type of vaccine is the COVID-19 vaccine
mRNA
What type of vaccine are measles and BCG (tuberculosis) vaccines?
Live attenuated vaccines
What type of vaccine is smallpox variola vaccine?
Live vaccine
What type of vaccine are mumps and rubella vaccines?
Live attenuated
What type of vaccine are oral polio (OPV) and yellow fever vaccines?
Live attenuated
What type of vaccine are intranasal influenza, oral typhoid and typhus vaccines?
Live attenuated
What type of vaccine are typhoid and cholera vaccines?
Inactivated (killed)
What type of vaccine are pertussis (wP) and plague vaccines?
Inactivated (according to Dr Busari’s slide oo)
What type of vaccine are rabies and salk polio (IPV) vaccines?
Inactivated
What type of vaccine are intramuscular influenza and Japanese encephalitis vaccines?
Inactivated
What type of vaccine are diphtheria and tetanus (TT) vaccines?
Toxoid
What type of vaccine are meningiococcal polysaccharide vaccine, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13), and Hepatits B polypeptide vaccines?
Cellular fraction vaccines
What type of vaccine is Hepatits B vaccine?
Recombinant
Inactivated vaccines are not alive and cannot
replicate. T or F
True
A divided dose of antigen is administered in the
injection for inactivated vaccine. T or F
False. The entire dose of antigen is administered in the injection for inactivated vaccine
Inactivated vaccines are still immunogenic. T or F
True
Inactivated antigens are less affected by circulating
antibody than are live agents, so they may be given when antibody is present in the blood. T or F
True
Inactivated vaccines always require multiple doses. T or F
True
First dose of inactivated vaccine offers protective response while the
second or third dose primes the immune system. T or F
False. First dose primes the immune system while the
second or third dose offers the protective response
Why do inactivated vaccines have low immunogenicity?
Only Ab (antibody) induced, adjuvant
required
To produce an immune response, live attenuated
vaccines must replicate (grow) in the vaccinated
person. T or F
True
Can circulating antibodies make live vaccines ineffective?
Anything that either damages the live organism in the vial (e.g., heat, light) or interferes with replication of the organism in the body (circulating antibody) can cause the vaccine to be ineffective.
Can live attenuated vaccines cause disease?
They usually don’t but when they do, it is usually mild and referred to as an
adverse reaction.
Live vaccines produce an immune response similar to that produced
by a natural infection. T or F
True
Live vaccines require only a single administration to
elicit a protective immune response except?
MMR or varicella vaccines and a second dose is
recommended to provide a very high level of
immunity in the population.
When will live attenuated vaccines cause severe or fatal complications?
Occurs in persons with immunodeficiency
Which vaccine makes use of epitopes (the very
specific parts of the antigen that antibodies or T cells recognize and bind to)
Subunit vaccines
Scientists manufacture subunit vaccines by one of two ways. What are they?
- They can grow the microbe in the laboratory and then use chemicals to break it apart and gather the important antigens
- They can manufacture the antigen molecules from the microbe using recombinant DNA technology.
Vaccines produced this way are called “recombinant
subunit vaccines
A recombinant subunit vaccine has been made for the hepatitis A virus. T or F
False. A recombinant subunit vaccine has been made for the hepatitis B virus.
What vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness?
Toxoid
Scientists have found that they can inactivate toxins
by treating them with ____, a solution of
formaldehyde and sterilized water
Formalin
What vaccines are developed against bacteria that possess an outer polysaccharide coating which helps to disguise the bacteria antigen?
Conjugated vaccines
The vaccine that protects against Haemophilus
influenzae type B (Hib) is a _____ vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
Can DNA vaccines cause disease?
The DNA vaccine couldn’t cause the disease
because it wouldn’t contain the microbe, just copies
of a few of its genes
So-called _____ consist of DNA that is
administered directly into the body
naked DNA vaccines
Naked DNA vaccines being tested in humans include
those against the viruses that cause ___ and ____
influenza and
herpes
________ are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccines.
Recombinant Vector Vaccines
______ is used to insert an ______ gene into the
body cells in recombinant vaccine
Adenovirus, influenza virus
The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for cholera is?
Short period (months)
The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for TAB vaccine is?
Two years
The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for DPT vaccine is?
Three to five years
The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for yellow fever vaccine is?
Ten years
The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines is?
Solid immunity
How do mRNA vaccines work?
They teach our cells how to make a protein—or
even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an
immune response inside our bodies
The AstraZeneca COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?
Viral vector (genetically modified)
The Moderna COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?
RNA (part of virus genetic code)
The Pfizer COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?
RNA
The Gamaleya (Sputnik V) COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?
Viral vector
What are the routes of administration of vaccines?
Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most
vaccines)
*Oral route (sabine vaccine, oral BCG vaccine)
*Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
- Scarification (small pox vaccine)
*Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)
Yellow fever vaccine has what level of protectiveness?
Absolutely protective(100%)
Variola,
measles, mumps, rubella vaccines, and diphtheria
and tetanus toxoids have what level of protectiveness?
Almost absolutely protective (99%)
Polio, BCG, Hepatitis B,
and pertussis vaccines have what level of protectiveness?
Highly protective (80-95%)
TAB, cholera
vaccine, and influenza killed vaccine have what level of protectiveness?
Moderately protective (40-60%)
What vaccines fall under primary vaccination?
*One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles, mumps,
rubella, yellow fever)
*Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B)
Which vaccines require a booster shot?
COVID-19, DT, MMR
What are the hazards of immunisation?
- Reactions inherent to inoculation
- Reactions due to faulty techniques
- Hypersensitivity reactions.
- Neurological Reactions
- Provocative reactions
Most killed bacterial vaccines (e.g., typhoid) cause some local and general reactions inherent to inoculation. T or F
True
Diphtheria and
tetanus toxoids and live polio vaccine cause little
reactions inherent to inoculation. T or F
True
Some viral vaccines prepared from embryonated eggs
(e.g., influenza) may bring about generalized anaphylactic
reactions. T or F
True
Serum sickness is characterized by symptoms such as
fever, rash, oedema and joint pains occurring 7 -12 days of injection of antiserum. T or F
True
The well-known examples of neurological reactions to a vaccine are?
- Postvaccinial
encephalitis - rabies vaccine - Encephalopathy - smallpox vaccine
- Guillain - Barre syndrome - swine
influenza vaccine
What provocative reaction follows administration of DPT or DT against diphtheria?
Polio
Which vaccine causes harm to fetuses?
Rubella vaccine
Before administration of the antiserum or antitoxin, it is
necessary to test for sensitivity reaction. How can this be done?
(a) Instilling a drop of the preparation into the
conjunctival sac. A sensitized person will develop
pricking of the conjunctiva.
(b) A more reliable way of testing is by intradermal
injection of 0.2 ml of antiserum diluted 1 : 10 with
saline. A sensitized patient will develop a wheal and
flare within 10 minutes at the site of injection. It should
be borne in mind that these tests are not infallible.
What should be kept ready when giving foreign serum?
Adrenaline (1: 1000 solution)
In the event of anaphylaxis, for an adult, ____ ml of
adrenaline solution should be injected ______
immediately, followed by 0.5 ml every ____ if
the systolic blood pressure is below _____ mm of
mercury.
0.5 ml, intramuscularly, 20 minutes, 100
What drug is used to minimise the after-effects
such as urticaria or oedema?
10-20 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate by the intramuscular route
The patient should be observed for 5 minutes after any serum injection. T or F
False. The patient should be observed for 30 minutes after
any serum injection
_____ is serum obtained from blood
donor volunteers, have been immunized.
Homogeneous serum
_______ is serum obtained from blood of
animals(horse) hyperimmunized
Heterogeneous serum
Give examples of anti-sera from horses.
- Tetanus antitoxin
*Gas gangrane antitoxin
*Diphtheria antitoxin
*Anti rabies serum
*Anti-snake venom polyvalent (cobra, 2 vipers, krait)
Give examples of immunoglobulins from humans
*Normal human gamma globulin
*Anti-D immune globulin
* Tetanus immune globulin
*Rabies immune globulin
*Hepatitis-B immune globulin
