Vaccines and diagnostics - companion animals and horses Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe an ideal vaccine

A
  • protection against all strain
  • prevents infection and shedding
  • provides rapid and long lived immunity after single dose
  • induces immunological memory so minimal boosters required
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2
Q

Outline passive immunisation

A

= administering Ab

  • natural via colostrum
  • administration of antiserum
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3
Q

Describe active immunisation

A

= administration of Ag + adjuvant

  • MLV
  • killed
  • toxoids
  • subunit
  • recombinant
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4
Q

Outline vaccine delivery

A
  • most systemic (SC, IM, ID) –> good systemic immunity

- altering route can influence immune response (IN much better at generating IgA response for mucosal protection)

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5
Q

Outline vaccin eprotocls

A
  • primary courses often to young animals (MDA interference, can persist for 12-14 weeks, after this generally MLV only require single dose, inactivated/subunit require at least 2 doses, 2-3 weeks apart, booster q6mo-3 years depending on manufacturer)
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6
Q

Describe vaccination of dogs/cats

A

WSAVA GUIDELINES

  • core (recommended) and non-core (risk assessed)
  • dog core DHP (rabies if endemic), non-core: L, Pi
  • cat core CHP (rabies if endemic), non-core FeLV
  • primary course at 8, 12 adn 16 weeks
  • post-vaccine serology recommened in dogs
  • booster at 1 yo
  • boost no more frequently than 3y intervals
  • serology in dogs to determine if booster required?
  • these recommendations can conflict with datasheet (8, 10 wk primary course but may cause more vaccine failures)
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7
Q

T/F: immunologically speaking, you don’t need to start the primary course again if booster lapses

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: there is a therapeutic DNA vaccine (human tyrosinase) for tx of canine malignant melanoma

A

True

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9
Q

Adverse effects - vaccination

A
  • rare
  • often mild (1 in 10,000)
  • transient pyrexia and lethargy
  • allergic reactions (IgE mediated): facial pruritus and oedema
  • link b.w some adjuvanted vaccines (FeLV and rabies) and FISS
  • non-adjuvanted vaccines (canarypox vector) available to avoid this
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10
Q

Name 2 vaccines of rabbites

A
  • myxomatosis

- viral haemorrhagic disease

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11
Q

Outline vaccination of horses

A
PASSIVE IMMUNISATION:
- hyperimmune equine plasma for FPT
- tetanus antitoxin
- rotavirus of pregnant mare for MDA transfer to foal
ACTIVE IMMUNISATION:
- equine influenza
- tetanus toxoid (immediate protection)
- EHV-1, EHV-4
- others: WNV, EVA, strangles
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12
Q

What is a new companion animal vaccine protocol?

A
  • 1st dose at 6-8wks
  • 2nd dose at 9-10 wks
  • MDA interference at this younger age increases risk failure
  • allows earlier socialisation
  • ideally 3rd dose at 16 wks
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13
Q

What is CaniLeish?

A
  • Leishmania infantum
  • PETS
  • 3 doses as primary course
  • boost annually
  • 4 times reduced risk of infection
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14
Q

Reasons for vaccine failure

A
  • strains/serotype in vaccine don’t protect against that in population (feline calicivirus, Leptospira serovars)
  • vaccine not stored properly or expired
  • vaccine not administered properly
  • animal too young/old –> immature/senescent immune system
  • interference by MDA
  • prior exposure to pathogen (FeLV, herpes)
  • animal immunosuppressed / immunocompromised
  • animal genetically programmed to generate inappropriate response (e.g. MHC genes in rottweilers may predispose to vaccine failure)
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15
Q

What feline vaccines are available in the USA?

A
  • FIV vaccine (Fel-O-Vax): 2 FIV strains but 70% effective at preventing infection
  • ‘FIP’ vaccine: given IN for IgA against enteric coronavirus (which causes FIP), protect against initial infection to prevent persistence and mutation, kittens often exposed before vaccination
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16
Q

Outline serological testing for response to vaccination in companion animals

A
  • DHP for dogs
  • CHP for cats
  • rabies under PETSs scheme (FAVN test, must reach threshold of 0.5IU/ml to be considered protected, vaccinate and test 3-4 weeks later, rottweilers are poor responders, since Jan 2012, testing is not mandatory but still recommended)
  • only AHVLA or BioBest lab
  • remember LAG PHASE thus Ab negative doesn’t necesarily mean pathogen negative. Requires 2 consecutive negative samples with period of isolation in between to be more conclusive
17
Q

Describe acute and convalescent sera

A
  • sample 2-3 wks apart
  • if timing correct, first sample often hits LAG/LOG PHASE, then PLATEAU PHASE of Ab response subsequently and show rise in titre b/w the 2 points
18
Q

What does antigen-specific IgM > IgG normally indicate?

A
  • recent exposure

- often ties in with onset of CS

19
Q

What tests are performed for serology?

A
  • ELISA
  • Rapid immune-migration assay (RIM)
  • indirect IFAT
  • VNA
  • HA/HAI assay
20
Q

Is rabisin (Merial) or Nobivac Rabies better at generating Ab response?

A

Rabisin (Merial) better

21
Q

What serological tests area available for dogs?

A
  • distemper
  • parvovirus
  • adenovirus
  • herpes
  • coronavirus
  • PI
22
Q

What tests for dogs with neurologicla signs, myositis or PUO

A
  • T. gondii (IgM and IgG)

- Neospora caninum

23
Q

What serological tests for dogs with acute kidney dz?

A
  • leptospira

- this is a microscopic agglutination test (MAT)

24
Q

What serology can be done for fungal rhinitis?

A
  • Aspergillus

- Cryptococcous

25
Q

T/F: scabies serology can be used to aid diagnosis of sarcoptic mange

A

True

26
Q

What serologicla tests are available for cats?

A
  • FIV
  • toxoplasma/ neospora
  • cat flu: feline calicivirus, herpes, chlamydophila
  • FIP (care when interpreting coronavirus serology)
27
Q

Why do you ned to take serology carefully with coronavirus/ FIP?

A
  • serology doesn’t differentiate exposure to enteric coronavirus and progression to FIP
  • dx should be based on combination of typical CS and lab findings
  • coronavirus titre > 640 would be consistent with dz in cat presenting with consistent CS
28
Q

What serological tests are available for equines?

A
  • EHV-1, -4 (equine abortion, respiratory and neurological dz)
  • EHV-3 for coital exanthema
  • Respiratory dz (influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus)
29
Q

When might serological tests be required for horses?

A

import/ export/ pre-breeding an dsales. usually EVA and EIA. Animals might also need to be demonstrated as Ab negative to other pathogens when importing from some countries (vesicular stomatitis, dourine, glanders)