Vaccines Flashcards
What are the aims of vaccincation?
- Protection of individuals
- Reduce disease burden
- Protection of entire population
- Eradication of disease
- Block transmission without protecting host
What are the 2 types of immunity?
=> Active immunity:
- Has immunological memory
- Responds to active infection and vaccinations (the actual antigen)
- Provides long term protection
=> Passive immunity:
- No immunological memory
- Involves immunoglobulins
- Provides short term protection
What is the immune response to vaccines?
- Vaccines are taken up by APCs
- Activates both B and T cells
- Generates Th and Tc cells
- Antigen persists to recruit more B cells producing high affinity antibodies
What are the different types of vaccines?
=> Live attenuated:
- BCG
- MMR
- Influenza (Intranasal)
- Oral Retrovirus
- Oral Polio
- Yellow fever
- Oral Typhoid
=> Inactivated preparations:
- Rabies
- Hep A
- Influenza (IM)
=> Subunit or Conjugate (increases the immunogenicity of the vaccine making it more effective):
- Pneumococcus
- Haemophilius
- Meningococcus
- Hep B
- HPV
=> Toxoid (boosters usually needed):
- Tetanus
- Diptheria
- Pertussis
What are the contra-indications of giving someone live attenuated vaccine?
- History of anaphylactic reaction to a previous vaccine
- Primary/acquired immunodeficiency
- Infant born to a mother who received immunosuppressants during pregnancy
- Those in contact with an individual who is immunosuppressed
- Pregnant women
How is the Diptheria vaccine formed?
- Purified toxin is taken from C.diptheriae
- Treated with formaldehyde to make toxoid
- Adsorbed onto an adjuvant
How is the Hep B vaccine formed?
- HbsAg taken
- Inserted into yeast
- Modified yeast cells produce HbsAg
Why is MMR vaccine not given till 13 months?
- infants passively acquire IgG antibodies from mother across placenta
- The antibodies would destroy the vaccine straight away so it would be useless
When are babies born to Hepatitis B infected mothers vaccinated?
- At 2, then at 3 months, then at 4 months
When are infants born in country with high incidence of TB vaccinated?
- At birth
When are infants with a parent or grandparent born in country with high incidence of TB vaccinated?
- At birth
When are pregnant women vaccinated against Influenza?
- During flu reason regardless of stage of pregnancy
When are pregnant woman vaccinated against Petrussis?
16 weeks gestation
How many boosters are required for the Tetanus vaccine and when?
=> 5 boosters:
- 2 months
- 3 months
- 4 months
- 3-5 years
- 13-18 years
IM human immunoglobulin human tetanus should be given to patients with high risk wounds irrespective of the 5 doses
When and who is the HPV vaccination offered to?
- Girls AND boys aged 12-13
- Second dose offered to girls 6-24 months after the first
