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Immunology > vaccines > Flashcards

vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the forms of antigen for a vaccine?

A 
live-attenuated
inactivated
subunit
peptides
DNA vaccines 
recombinant vaccines 
engineered virus
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2
Q

why is vaccination so effective?

A

it is successful and cost-effective compared to pharmaceuticals

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3
Q

Give examples of diseases that have been reduced significantly from vaccines

A 
diptheria
mumps 
tetanus
pertussis (whooping cough)
smallpox
poliomyelitis
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4
Q

What is Polio?

A

viral disease
causes fever, sore throat, headache, fatigue, stiffness iin the neck and meningitis
can cause paralytic polio and loss of reflexes, pt unable to breathe

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5
Q

Discuss the impact of HIV

A
  1. thousands of new infections every day
  2. economic impact
  3. impact of treatments - very costly for pt
  4. family impact - orphans and breakdown in family structures
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6
Q

Discuss the issues surrounding ebloa

A
  1. highly contagious
  2. new strains emerge
  3. high death rates
  4. spread by travel
  5. bioterrorism
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7
Q

Describe variation for smallpox

A

scratches on the arm were inoculated with pus from a pustule of someone with cowpox

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8
Q

what is the immunological theory?

A

the concept of microorganisms as a source of disease

  1. infection leads to generation of protective substances in the serum (Ab)
  2. protection persisted - memory
  3. protection could be transferred to other subjects by passive immunity
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9
Q

What did Robert Koch realise?

A

that each particular disease was caused by a specific microorganism

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10
Q

What did Louis pasteur do?

A

generated the idea that weakened pathogens could be used to artificially infect subjects

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11
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich do?

A

discovered antibodies - passive immunisation against diphtheria and B cell receptors

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12
Q

What did Mechnikov discover?

A

phagocytosis

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13
Q

What actions do antibodies do?

A
  1. neutralisation of toxins
  2. opsonisation
  3. complement activation
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14
Q

Give an example of natural passive immunisation?

A

transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta or in breast milk

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15
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

manipulating the immune system to generate a persistent protective response against pathogens (i.e. memory)

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16
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

transfer of performed antibodies to the circulation

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17
Q

What do antibodies that cross the placenta and in the breast milk protect against?

A 
diptheria
polio
tetanus
rubella
mumps 
streptococcus
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18
Q

What is artificial passive immunisation?

A

Treatment with human IgG or immunoserum

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19
Q

When do we use artificial passive immunisation?

A
  1. people with aggammaglobunlinaemias (B cell defect meaning that they cant produce antibodies )
  2. immune-compromised people/ where exposure could cause complications
  3. when there is no time for active immunisation - short incubation time
  4. when there is acute danger of infection (HBIG - hep B immunoglobulin)
  5. anti-toxins and anti-venins
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20
Q

Give a use for antisera

A

neutralisation of toxins after the immune system has remoeved the primary infection e.g. Clostridium tetani and botulinum

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21
Q

How does the botulinum toxin work?

A

metalloprotease acts inside the nerve terminals and blocks the neurotransmitter release into the synapse by cleavage of the proteins that are responsible for the vesicles to fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane, so neurotransmission is blocked

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22
Q

Give uses of the passive immunisation anti-toxin

A

botulism
tetanus
diphtheria

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23
Q

Give examples of diseases whether passive immunisation is used prophylactically

A

hepatitis
measles
rabies

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24
Q

Give examples of antivenins

A

snake bite
insects
jellyfish

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25
Q

What is innoculation?

A

introduction of VIABLE organisms into the subject to trigger an immune response and memory

26
Q

What is involved in innate immunity?

A

IgM - low affinity

germline

27
Q

What does the secondary immune response involve?

A

rapid and large amounts of high affinity IgG
somatic hypermutation
T cell help

28
Q

What is somatic hypermutation?

A

happens in the lymph nodes and is where mutations are caused in the variable region of B cell DNA to increase/ decrease affinity of Abs and increase/decrease specificity of Abs. Those B cells that have an advantageous mutation and can recognise the antigen will undergo class switching and differentiation

29
Q

Why does flu need regular boosting annually?

A

as it has a rapid onset and infection can start before memory (from a previous infection/vaccine) is activated, so need to maintain high levels of circulating antibody

30
Q

What two types of whole organism vaccines are there?

A

live attenuated

killed, inactivated

31
Q

Give examples of live attenuated vaccines

A

TB - BCG vaccine

32
Q

What are the advantages of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  1. sets up transient infection
  2. activation of full natural immune response
  3. prolonged contact with the immune system
  4. memory response in T and B cells
  5. prologed and comprehensive protection
  6. only single immunisation required - pt compliance
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  1. immunocompromised pts may become infected
  2. complications
  3. reversion to virulent form – > can lead to serious outbreak
  4. refrigeration and transport - live organisms need to be refrigerated - issue in remote areas
34
Q

what are the advantages of killed inactive pathogens?

A
  1. no risk of infection
  2. storage less critical
  3. wide range of different antigenic components present, so good immune response possible
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of killed, inactive pathogens?

A
  1. lack of T cell involvement, as the humour responses are just activated
  2. without transient infection, the immune system can be weak
  3. repeated boosters needed – > pt compliance
36
Q

How are the killed pathogens inactivated?

A

formaldehyde, not heating as this can alter the shape of the antigens

37
Q

Give examples of subunit vaccines

A
  1. inactivated exotoxins = toxoids
  2. capsular polysaccharides
  3. recombinant microbial agents
  4. peptide vaccines
38
Q

What are the advantages of subunit vaccines?

A
  1. safe as only part of the pathogen is used
  2. no risk of infection
  3. easier to store and preserve
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of subunit vaccines?

A
  1. immune response less powerful
  2. repeated vaccinations and adjuvants needed
  3. there is a lot of genetic heterogeneity in the HLA/MHC due to polymorphisms, so people may vary in their response to the antigen - need to choose one where the response is very similar in everyone
40
Q

Give examples of pathogens that produce the symptoms of disease as a result of exotoxins

A

diphtheria, tetanus and cholera

Corynebacterium diphtheriae/Clostridium tetanus/Vibrio cholerae

41
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

A toxin that is heated or chemically modified to eliminate toxicity

42
Q

What do capsular polysaccharides interfere with?

A

blocks opsonisation so interferes with phagocytosis

43
Q

Give features of a capsular polysaccharide?

A

highly polar
hydrophilic (as on the outside of the cell)
oligosaccharide repeating units
contains the main antigens for immunity against capsulated bacteria

44
Q

Give examples of live attenuated vaccines

A

TB
typhoid
MMR
Polio sabin

45
Q

Give examples of killed inactivated vaccines

A 
anthrax
cholera
pertussis
plague
hep A
Rabies
Influenza
46
Q

What is the aim of active immunisation?

A

achieve long term protection
produce memory B and T cells
stimulate protective IgG production/ IgA

47
Q

What is an examples of a recombinant protein?

A

cloning and expression of a single gene in a recombinant host

48
Q

Give examples of a recombinant vaccine

A

Hep B surface proteins expressed in yeast

HPV virus coat proteins expressed in yeast

49
Q

What is a recombinant vaccine?

A

The gene that encodes the antigen is inserted into the DNA of an organism and this organism expresses and produces the protein. This is then collected and purified

50
Q

What is a purified protein vaccine?

A

Cultivation of the pathogen and the purifying the protein produced by the pathogen

51
Q

What are conjugate subunit vaccines?

A

a polysaccharide (e.g. capsular polysaccharide - a weak antigen) linked to a carrier protein to increase its immunogenicity

52
Q

What are synthetic peptide vaccines?

A

Proteins are made chemically that imitate the antigenic proteins of pathogens
The proteins should bind to Abs B cells and stimulate a T cell response

53
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

Any substance added to a vaccine to stimulate the immune system

54
Q

Give examples of adjuvants

A
  1. whole killed organisms
  2. toxoids
  3. proteins - like in conjugate vaccines
  4. chemicals - aluminum slats/paraffin oil
55
Q

What methods to adjuvants use to work?

A
  1. can extend the half life of the immunogen = depot effect
  2. chemicals can cause irritation and inflammation
  3. toxoids and killed organisms trigger the immune system
56
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

A vector e.g. a plasmid containing the gene to produce an antigenic protein is transfected into muscle cells. The gene is transcribed and translated into a protein that is degraded by proteosomes and then binds MHC I. Tc CD8+ cells bind inducing cell mediated immune response

57
Q

What are the advantages of DNA vaccines?

A
  1. safe esp in immunocompromised people
  2. no requirement for complex storage and transport
  3. drug delivery simple and can be given as a widespread vaccination programme
58
Q

What are the disadvantages of DNA vaccines?

A
  1. likely to produce mild response and require boosting

2. no transient infection

59
Q

What is a recombinant vector vaccine?

A

imitate the effects of transient infection with pathogen but using a non-pathogenic organism - the major pathogen antigens are introduced into a non-papthogenic or attenuated microorganism and introduced into the host

60
Q

What are the advantages of recombinant viral vaccines?

A
  1. produce memory
  2. different components can be engineered in
  3. safe relative to live attenuated vaccine
61
Q

What are the disadvantages of recombinant viral vaccines?

A
  1. refrigeration needed
  2. can cause illness immunosuppressed individuals
  3. immune repose to viral carrier negates effectiveness
62
Q

What re the properties of an ideal vaccine?

A
  1. safe
  2. induces a suitable immune response i.e. high antibody titre if Ab useful and mucosal immunity if pathogen uses this route
  3. generates T cell and B cell memory
  4. stable and easy to transport
  5. does not require boosting

Immunology (4 decks)

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